Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR Mice
Ginsenoside Rf (G-Rf) is a saponin of the protopanaxatriol family and a bioactive component of Korean ginseng. Several ginsenosides are known to have a positive effect on exercise endurance, but there is not yet a report on that of G-Rf. Forced swimming tests were performed on G-Rf-treated mice to e...
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| author | Won-Chul Lim Eun Ju Shin Tae-Gyu Lim Jae Woong Choi Nho-Eul Song Hee-Do Hong Chang-Won Cho Young Kyoung Rhee |
| author_facet | Won-Chul Lim Eun Ju Shin Tae-Gyu Lim Jae Woong Choi Nho-Eul Song Hee-Do Hong Chang-Won Cho Young Kyoung Rhee |
| author_sort | Won-Chul Lim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ginsenoside Rf (G-Rf) is a saponin of the protopanaxatriol family and a bioactive component of Korean ginseng. Several ginsenosides are known to have a positive effect on exercise endurance, but there is not yet a report on that of G-Rf. Forced swimming tests were performed on G-Rf-treated mice to evaluate the effect of G-Rf on exercise endurance. Subsequently, the expression of markers related to myoblast differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in murine skeletal C2C12 myotubes and tibialis anterior muscle tissue was determined using Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence staining to elucidate the mechanism of action of G-Rf. The swimming duration of the experimental animal was increased by oral gavage administration of G-Rf. Moreover, G-Rf significantly upregulated the myoblast differentiation markers, mitochondrial biogenesis markers, and its upstream regulators. In particular, the mitochondrial biogenesis marker increased by G-Rf was decreased by each inhibitor of the upstream regulators. G-Rf enhances exercise endurance in mice, which may be mediated by myoblast differentiation and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting that it increases energy production to satisfy additional needs of exercising muscle cells. Therefore, G-Rf is an active ingredient in Korean ginseng responsible for improving exercise performance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:48:33Z |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:48:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-40941d79812c4f1fa294f8394fec699e2023-11-23T16:37:51ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-06-011112170910.3390/foods11121709Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR MiceWon-Chul Lim0Eun Ju Shin1Tae-Gyu Lim2Jae Woong Choi3Nho-Eul Song4Hee-Do Hong5Chang-Won Cho6Young Kyoung Rhee7Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, KoreaResearch Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, KoreaDivision of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, KoreaResearch Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, KoreaResearch Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, KoreaResearch Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, KoreaResearch Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, KoreaResearch Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, KoreaGinsenoside Rf (G-Rf) is a saponin of the protopanaxatriol family and a bioactive component of Korean ginseng. Several ginsenosides are known to have a positive effect on exercise endurance, but there is not yet a report on that of G-Rf. Forced swimming tests were performed on G-Rf-treated mice to evaluate the effect of G-Rf on exercise endurance. Subsequently, the expression of markers related to myoblast differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in murine skeletal C2C12 myotubes and tibialis anterior muscle tissue was determined using Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence staining to elucidate the mechanism of action of G-Rf. The swimming duration of the experimental animal was increased by oral gavage administration of G-Rf. Moreover, G-Rf significantly upregulated the myoblast differentiation markers, mitochondrial biogenesis markers, and its upstream regulators. In particular, the mitochondrial biogenesis marker increased by G-Rf was decreased by each inhibitor of the upstream regulators. G-Rf enhances exercise endurance in mice, which may be mediated by myoblast differentiation and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, suggesting that it increases energy production to satisfy additional needs of exercising muscle cells. Therefore, G-Rf is an active ingredient in Korean ginseng responsible for improving exercise performance.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/12/1709exercise enduranceginsenoside Rfmitochondrial biogenesismyogenesis |
| spellingShingle | Won-Chul Lim Eun Ju Shin Tae-Gyu Lim Jae Woong Choi Nho-Eul Song Hee-Do Hong Chang-Won Cho Young Kyoung Rhee Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR Mice Foods exercise endurance ginsenoside Rf mitochondrial biogenesis myogenesis |
| title | Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR Mice |
| title_full | Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR Mice |
| title_fullStr | Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR Mice |
| title_short | Ginsenoside Rf Enhances Exercise Endurance by Stimulating Myoblast Differentiation and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes and ICR Mice |
| title_sort | ginsenoside rf enhances exercise endurance by stimulating myoblast differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in c2c12 myotubes and icr mice |
| topic | exercise endurance ginsenoside Rf mitochondrial biogenesis myogenesis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/12/1709 |
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