Two <i>Cladosporium</i> Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome Characters
Insects encounter infection of microorganisms, and they also harbor endosymbiosis to participate in nutrition providing and act as a defender against pathogens. We previously found the Chinese white wax scale insect, <i>Ericerus pela</i>, was infected and killed by <i>Cladosporium&...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Цуврал: | Journal of Fungi |
| Нөхцлүүд: | |
| Онлайн хандалт: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/286 |
| _version_ | 1827628900126031872 |
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| author | Wei Liu Shu-Hui Yu Hong-Ping Zhang Zuo-Yi Fu Jia-Qi An Jin-Yang Zhang Pu Yang |
| author_facet | Wei Liu Shu-Hui Yu Hong-Ping Zhang Zuo-Yi Fu Jia-Qi An Jin-Yang Zhang Pu Yang |
| author_sort | Wei Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Insects encounter infection of microorganisms, and they also harbor endosymbiosis to participate in nutrition providing and act as a defender against pathogens. We previously found the Chinese white wax scale insect, <i>Ericerus pela</i>, was infected and killed by <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen). We also found it harbored <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis). In this study, we cultured these two <i>Cladosporium</i> fungi and sequenced their genome. The results showed <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis) has a larger genome size and more genes than <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen). Pan-genome analysis showed <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis)-specific genes enriched in pathways related to nutrition production, such as amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. These pathways were absent in that of <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen). Gene Ontology analysis showed <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen)-specific genes enriched in the biosynthesis of asperfuranone, emericellamide, and fumagillin. These terms were not found in that of <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis). Pathogen Host Interactions analysis found <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis) had more genes related to loss of pathogenicity and reduced virulence than <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen). Cytotoxicity assay indicated <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen) had cytotoxicity, while <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis) had no cytotoxicity. These characters reflect the adaptation of endosymbiosis to host-restricted lifestyle and the invader of the entomopathogen to the host. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:42:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-40b0b6c4f54e43719d96e4df9a901b12 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:42:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-40b0b6c4f54e43719d96e4df9a901b122023-11-30T21:05:19ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2022-03-018328610.3390/jof8030286Two <i>Cladosporium</i> Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome CharactersWei Liu0Shu-Hui Yu1Hong-Ping Zhang2Zuo-Yi Fu3Jia-Qi An4Jin-Yang Zhang5Pu Yang6Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, ChinaCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, ChinaInstitute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaInstitute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaFaculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, ChinaInstitute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, ChinaInsects encounter infection of microorganisms, and they also harbor endosymbiosis to participate in nutrition providing and act as a defender against pathogens. We previously found the Chinese white wax scale insect, <i>Ericerus pela</i>, was infected and killed by <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen). We also found it harbored <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis). In this study, we cultured these two <i>Cladosporium</i> fungi and sequenced their genome. The results showed <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis) has a larger genome size and more genes than <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen). Pan-genome analysis showed <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis)-specific genes enriched in pathways related to nutrition production, such as amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. These pathways were absent in that of <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen). Gene Ontology analysis showed <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen)-specific genes enriched in the biosynthesis of asperfuranone, emericellamide, and fumagillin. These terms were not found in that of <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis). Pathogen Host Interactions analysis found <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis) had more genes related to loss of pathogenicity and reduced virulence than <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen). Cytotoxicity assay indicated <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (pathogen) had cytotoxicity, while <i>Cladosporium</i> sp. (endogensis) had no cytotoxicity. These characters reflect the adaptation of endosymbiosis to host-restricted lifestyle and the invader of the entomopathogen to the host.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/286Chinese white wax scale insect<i>Cladosporium</i>genomeendogensispathogenadaptation |
| spellingShingle | Wei Liu Shu-Hui Yu Hong-Ping Zhang Zuo-Yi Fu Jia-Qi An Jin-Yang Zhang Pu Yang Two <i>Cladosporium</i> Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome Characters Journal of Fungi Chinese white wax scale insect <i>Cladosporium</i> genome endogensis pathogen adaptation |
| title | Two <i>Cladosporium</i> Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome Characters |
| title_full | Two <i>Cladosporium</i> Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome Characters |
| title_fullStr | Two <i>Cladosporium</i> Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome Characters |
| title_full_unstemmed | Two <i>Cladosporium</i> Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome Characters |
| title_short | Two <i>Cladosporium</i> Fungi with Opposite Functions to the Chinese White Wax Scale Insect Have Different Genome Characters |
| title_sort | two i cladosporium i fungi with opposite functions to the chinese white wax scale insect have different genome characters |
| topic | Chinese white wax scale insect <i>Cladosporium</i> genome endogensis pathogen adaptation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/3/286 |
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