Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> Kernels
Background: <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> is an economic tree species with high timber, medicine, oil, and ornamental value. Its seed, containing a particularly high oil content, are widely studied for their biodiesel properties by nutritional components and oil body ultrastructure. However,...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-01-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/1/21 |
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| author | Qikui Wu Xue Zhao Chen Chen Zihan Zhang Fangyuan Yu |
| author_facet | Qikui Wu Xue Zhao Chen Chen Zihan Zhang Fangyuan Yu |
| author_sort | Qikui Wu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> is an economic tree species with high timber, medicine, oil, and ornamental value. Its seed, containing a particularly high oil content, are widely studied for their biodiesel properties by nutritional components and oil body ultrastructure. However, their comprehensive biochemical compositions have not been studied. Methods: During <i>S. tonkinensis</i> kernel development, we collected samples from four time points for metabolite profiling and classification through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 187 and 1556 metabolites were obtained, respectively. All of the metabolites were grouped into 19 and 21 classes by their chemical properties and into 8 clusters based on their change trends, respectively. Among all the metabolites, carboxylic acids and derivatives, flavonoids, fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids, organooxygen compounds, prenol lipids, and steroids and steroid derivatives were the main components. Alanine, glutamine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine were the five most abundant amino acids. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were the four major free fatty acids. Flavans, flavonoid glycosides and o-methylated flavonoids were the three major flavonoids. The differential metabolites distributions between different time points were identified. A pathway enrichment was performed, which was mainly focused on three groups, amino acids metabolism, carbon flow from sucrose to lipid and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Conclusions: It’s the first time to analyze the metabolite fingerprinting for developing <i>S. tonkinensis</i> kernels and identify varied kinds of flavonoids. We performed metabolite profiling, classification and pathway enrichment to assess the comprehensive biochemical compositions. Our results described the change in major metabolites and main metabolic processes during <i>S. tonkinensis</i> kernel development and provided a variety of bases for seed applications as biofuel or medicine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T02:56:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-40b6bff837af445b85071164e86d1f82 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T02:56:36Z |
| publishDate | 2020-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-40b6bff837af445b85071164e86d1f822022-12-21T18:41:16ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892020-01-011012110.3390/metabo10010021metabo10010021Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> KernelsQikui Wu0Xue Zhao1Chen Chen2Zihan Zhang3Fangyuan Yu4Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forest Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaBackground: <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> is an economic tree species with high timber, medicine, oil, and ornamental value. Its seed, containing a particularly high oil content, are widely studied for their biodiesel properties by nutritional components and oil body ultrastructure. However, their comprehensive biochemical compositions have not been studied. Methods: During <i>S. tonkinensis</i> kernel development, we collected samples from four time points for metabolite profiling and classification through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: A total of 187 and 1556 metabolites were obtained, respectively. All of the metabolites were grouped into 19 and 21 classes by their chemical properties and into 8 clusters based on their change trends, respectively. Among all the metabolites, carboxylic acids and derivatives, flavonoids, fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids, organooxygen compounds, prenol lipids, and steroids and steroid derivatives were the main components. Alanine, glutamine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine were the five most abundant amino acids. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were the four major free fatty acids. Flavans, flavonoid glycosides and o-methylated flavonoids were the three major flavonoids. The differential metabolites distributions between different time points were identified. A pathway enrichment was performed, which was mainly focused on three groups, amino acids metabolism, carbon flow from sucrose to lipid and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Conclusions: It’s the first time to analyze the metabolite fingerprinting for developing <i>S. tonkinensis</i> kernels and identify varied kinds of flavonoids. We performed metabolite profiling, classification and pathway enrichment to assess the comprehensive biochemical compositions. Our results described the change in major metabolites and main metabolic processes during <i>S. tonkinensis</i> kernel development and provided a variety of bases for seed applications as biofuel or medicine.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/1/21<i>styrax tonkinensis</i>kernel developmentmetabolome analysismetabolite classification |
| spellingShingle | Qikui Wu Xue Zhao Chen Chen Zihan Zhang Fangyuan Yu Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> Kernels Metabolites <i>styrax tonkinensis</i> kernel development metabolome analysis metabolite classification |
| title | Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> Kernels |
| title_full | Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> Kernels |
| title_fullStr | Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> Kernels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> Kernels |
| title_short | Metabolite Profiling and Classification of Developing <i>Styrax tonkinensis</i> Kernels |
| title_sort | metabolite profiling and classification of developing i styrax tonkinensis i kernels |
| topic | <i>styrax tonkinensis</i> kernel development metabolome analysis metabolite classification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/1/21 |
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