Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection
Introduction: Over the years the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has drastically increased in developing countries as a major byproduct of industrialization. Many factors, such as the consumption of high-calorie diets and a sedentary lifestyle, bolster the spread of this disorder. Undoubtedl...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2018.00196/full |
| _version_ | 1819054137485033472 |
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| author | Melisa Etchegoyen Mariana H. Nobile Francisco Baez Barbara Posesorski Julian González Néstor Lago José Milei Matilde Otero-Losada |
| author_facet | Melisa Etchegoyen Mariana H. Nobile Francisco Baez Barbara Posesorski Julian González Néstor Lago José Milei Matilde Otero-Losada |
| author_sort | Melisa Etchegoyen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Over the years the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has drastically increased in developing countries as a major byproduct of industrialization. Many factors, such as the consumption of high-calorie diets and a sedentary lifestyle, bolster the spread of this disorder. Undoubtedly, the massive and still increasing incidence of MetS places this epidemic as an important public health issue. Hereon we revisit another outlook of MetS beyond its classical association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM2), for MetS also poses a risk factor for the nervous tissue and threatens neuronal function. First, we revise a few essential concepts of MetS pathophysiology. Second, we explore some neuroprotective approaches in MetS pertaining brain hypoxia. The articles chosen for this review range from the years 1989 until 2017; the selection criteria was based on those providing data and exploratory information on MetS as well as those that studied innovative therapeutic approaches.Pathophysiology: The characteristically impaired metabolic pathways of MetS lead to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, and hypoxia, all closely associated with an overall pro-oxidative status. Oxidative stress is well-known to cause the wreckage of cellular structures and tissue architecture. Alteration of the redox homeostasis and oxidative stress alter the macromolecular array of DNA, lipids, and proteins, in turn disrupting the biochemical pathways necessary for normal cell function.Neuroprotection: Different neuroprotective strategies are discussed involving lifestyle changes, medication aimed to mitigate MetS cardinal symptoms, and treatments targeted toward reducing oxidative stress. It is well-known that the routine practice of physical exercise, aerobic activity in particular, and a complete and well-balanced nutrition are key factors to prevent MetS. Nevertheless, pharmacological control of MetS as a whole and pertaining hypertension, dyslipidemia, and endothelial injury contribute to neuronal health improvement.Conclusion: The development of MetS has risen as a risk factor for neurological disorders. The therapeutic strategies include multidisciplinary approaches directed to address different pathological pathways all in concert. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T12:46:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-40c8a7ee04704b6f955c578c14acc8bf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-453X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T12:46:51Z |
| publishDate | 2018-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-40c8a7ee04704b6f955c578c14acc8bf2022-12-21T19:03:37ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neuroscience1662-453X2018-04-011210.3389/fnins.2018.00196339513Metabolic Syndrome and NeuroprotectionMelisa Etchegoyen0Mariana H. Nobile1Francisco Baez2Barbara Posesorski3Julian González4Néstor Lago5José Milei6Matilde Otero-Losada7Institute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaInstitute of Cardiological Research, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaIntroduction: Over the years the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has drastically increased in developing countries as a major byproduct of industrialization. Many factors, such as the consumption of high-calorie diets and a sedentary lifestyle, bolster the spread of this disorder. Undoubtedly, the massive and still increasing incidence of MetS places this epidemic as an important public health issue. Hereon we revisit another outlook of MetS beyond its classical association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM2), for MetS also poses a risk factor for the nervous tissue and threatens neuronal function. First, we revise a few essential concepts of MetS pathophysiology. Second, we explore some neuroprotective approaches in MetS pertaining brain hypoxia. The articles chosen for this review range from the years 1989 until 2017; the selection criteria was based on those providing data and exploratory information on MetS as well as those that studied innovative therapeutic approaches.Pathophysiology: The characteristically impaired metabolic pathways of MetS lead to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, and hypoxia, all closely associated with an overall pro-oxidative status. Oxidative stress is well-known to cause the wreckage of cellular structures and tissue architecture. Alteration of the redox homeostasis and oxidative stress alter the macromolecular array of DNA, lipids, and proteins, in turn disrupting the biochemical pathways necessary for normal cell function.Neuroprotection: Different neuroprotective strategies are discussed involving lifestyle changes, medication aimed to mitigate MetS cardinal symptoms, and treatments targeted toward reducing oxidative stress. It is well-known that the routine practice of physical exercise, aerobic activity in particular, and a complete and well-balanced nutrition are key factors to prevent MetS. Nevertheless, pharmacological control of MetS as a whole and pertaining hypertension, dyslipidemia, and endothelial injury contribute to neuronal health improvement.Conclusion: The development of MetS has risen as a risk factor for neurological disorders. The therapeutic strategies include multidisciplinary approaches directed to address different pathological pathways all in concert.http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2018.00196/fullmetabolic syndrome Xneuroprotectionhypoxiabrainoxidative stressantioxidants |
| spellingShingle | Melisa Etchegoyen Mariana H. Nobile Francisco Baez Barbara Posesorski Julian González Néstor Lago José Milei Matilde Otero-Losada Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection Frontiers in Neuroscience metabolic syndrome X neuroprotection hypoxia brain oxidative stress antioxidants |
| title | Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection |
| title_full | Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection |
| title_fullStr | Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection |
| title_short | Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection |
| title_sort | metabolic syndrome and neuroprotection |
| topic | metabolic syndrome X neuroprotection hypoxia brain oxidative stress antioxidants |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2018.00196/full |
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