Emissions Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Incineration of Sacrificial Offerings
The incineration of sacrificial offerings generates numerous hazardous air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), CO, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<i>x</i> and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), which has significant effects on the environment and human health. However, due to the...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2019-06-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/6/332 |
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| author | Shihao Zhang Lianhong Zhong Xi Chen Yanan Liu Xiaoman Zhai Yifeng Xue Wei Wang Jie Liu Kangli Xu |
| author_facet | Shihao Zhang Lianhong Zhong Xi Chen Yanan Liu Xiaoman Zhai Yifeng Xue Wei Wang Jie Liu Kangli Xu |
| author_sort | Shihao Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The incineration of sacrificial offerings generates numerous hazardous air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), CO, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<i>x</i> and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), which has significant effects on the environment and human health. However, due to the concealment of sacrificial offerings incineration, the emission of such pollutants has not received sufficient attention. Relevant quantification of the emission, emission factors and pollution control measures for this pollution source are lacking. To address these problems, herein, we quantified the particulate matter and its chemical composition and the emission levels of gaseous pollutants, including SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<i>x</i>, NMHC and CO, by performing incineration experiments of four typical sacrificial offerings (Joss paper, Funeral wreath, Taoist paper art and Yuanbao paper), and obtained the emission factors and emission characteristics for the incineration of sacrificial offerings. Therefore, this study lays the foundation and provides support for establishing an emission inventory of the air pollutants from the incineration of sacrificial offerings and introducing corresponding pollution control measures. The results show that the emission concentrations of CO and total suspended particulate (TSP) from the incineration of sacrificial offerings greatly exceed the emission standard, with averages of 621.4 mg m<sup>−3</sup> and 142.9 mg m<sup>−3</sup> at 11% oxygen content, respectively. The average emission factors of SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<i>x</i>, NMHC, CO, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> for the incineration of the four offerings are (0.47 ± 0.17) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, (2.46 ± 0.35) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, (5.78 ± 2.41) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, (32.40 ± 8.80) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, (4.23 ± 0.71) kg t<sup>−1</sup> and (2.62 ± 0.48) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, among which the emission intensities of NMHC and CO are relatively high. Among the different types of sacrificial offerings, the overall average emission factor of air pollutants generated from the incineration of Yuanbao paper is the highest, which is mainly due to the low burning efficiency and the coating material. For the chemical composition of the particulate matters, ions, OC, EC and metal elements account for proportions of the PM<sub>2.5</sub> at (23.55 ± 10.37) %, (29.74 ± 9.95) %, (14.83 ± 6.55) % and (13.45 ± 4.88) %, respectively, indicating that the organic pollution is severe |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T21:21:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-40da54b04a494e139f1308d4128d07df |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T21:21:18Z |
| publishDate | 2019-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-40da54b04a494e139f1308d4128d07df2022-12-22T03:16:17ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332019-06-0110633210.3390/atmos10060332atmos10060332Emissions Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Incineration of Sacrificial OfferingsShihao Zhang0Lianhong Zhong1Xi Chen2Yanan Liu3Xiaoman Zhai4Yifeng Xue5Wei Wang6Jie Liu7Kangli Xu8National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing 100070, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing 100070, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Control of Ministry of Civil Affairs, 101 Institute of Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing 100070, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, ChinaNational Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, ChinaThe incineration of sacrificial offerings generates numerous hazardous air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), CO, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<i>x</i> and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), which has significant effects on the environment and human health. However, due to the concealment of sacrificial offerings incineration, the emission of such pollutants has not received sufficient attention. Relevant quantification of the emission, emission factors and pollution control measures for this pollution source are lacking. To address these problems, herein, we quantified the particulate matter and its chemical composition and the emission levels of gaseous pollutants, including SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<i>x</i>, NMHC and CO, by performing incineration experiments of four typical sacrificial offerings (Joss paper, Funeral wreath, Taoist paper art and Yuanbao paper), and obtained the emission factors and emission characteristics for the incineration of sacrificial offerings. Therefore, this study lays the foundation and provides support for establishing an emission inventory of the air pollutants from the incineration of sacrificial offerings and introducing corresponding pollution control measures. The results show that the emission concentrations of CO and total suspended particulate (TSP) from the incineration of sacrificial offerings greatly exceed the emission standard, with averages of 621.4 mg m<sup>−3</sup> and 142.9 mg m<sup>−3</sup> at 11% oxygen content, respectively. The average emission factors of SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<i>x</i>, NMHC, CO, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> for the incineration of the four offerings are (0.47 ± 0.17) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, (2.46 ± 0.35) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, (5.78 ± 2.41) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, (32.40 ± 8.80) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, (4.23 ± 0.71) kg t<sup>−1</sup> and (2.62 ± 0.48) kg t<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, among which the emission intensities of NMHC and CO are relatively high. Among the different types of sacrificial offerings, the overall average emission factor of air pollutants generated from the incineration of Yuanbao paper is the highest, which is mainly due to the low burning efficiency and the coating material. For the chemical composition of the particulate matters, ions, OC, EC and metal elements account for proportions of the PM<sub>2.5</sub> at (23.55 ± 10.37) %, (29.74 ± 9.95) %, (14.83 ± 6.55) % and (13.45 ± 4.88) %, respectively, indicating that the organic pollution is severehttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/6/332The incineration of sacrificial offeringsair pollutionemission factoremission characteristicchemical composition of particulate matter |
| spellingShingle | Shihao Zhang Lianhong Zhong Xi Chen Yanan Liu Xiaoman Zhai Yifeng Xue Wei Wang Jie Liu Kangli Xu Emissions Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Incineration of Sacrificial Offerings Atmosphere The incineration of sacrificial offerings air pollution emission factor emission characteristic chemical composition of particulate matter |
| title | Emissions Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Incineration of Sacrificial Offerings |
| title_full | Emissions Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Incineration of Sacrificial Offerings |
| title_fullStr | Emissions Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Incineration of Sacrificial Offerings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emissions Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Incineration of Sacrificial Offerings |
| title_short | Emissions Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants from the Incineration of Sacrificial Offerings |
| title_sort | emissions characteristics of hazardous air pollutants from the incineration of sacrificial offerings |
| topic | The incineration of sacrificial offerings air pollution emission factor emission characteristic chemical composition of particulate matter |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/10/6/332 |
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