Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local Adaptation
Grain amaranths (<i>Amaranthus</i> spp.) are ancient crops from the Americas that are consumed as pseudo-cereals and vegetables. Two grain amaranths, <i>A. cruentus</i> and <i>A. hypochondriacus</i>, originated in Central America, and <i>A. caudatus</i>...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/505 |
| _version_ | 1797483593975463936 |
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| author | Ali Baturaygil Karl Schmid |
| author_facet | Ali Baturaygil Karl Schmid |
| author_sort | Ali Baturaygil |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Grain amaranths (<i>Amaranthus</i> spp.) are ancient crops from the Americas that are consumed as pseudo-cereals and vegetables. Two grain amaranths, <i>A. cruentus</i> and <i>A. hypochondriacus</i>, originated in Central America, and <i>A. caudatus</i> in South America. Flowering time variation plays a central role in their uses as seed, vegetable and biomass crops. We characterized phenotypic variation for plant height, flowering time and seed setting among 253 genebank accessions including three grain and two wild ancestor species (<i>A. hybridus</i> and <i>A. quitensis)</i> in the temperate climatic and long-day conditions of Germany. Among grain amaranths, <i>A. cruentus</i> flowered early and 88% of the accessions set seed. <i>A. hypochondriacus</i> accessions were mildly or highly photoperiod-sensitive with a lower proportion of seed setting (31%). <i>A. caudatus</i> accessions were mildly photoperiod-sensitive and failed seed production. Photoperiod-insensitive accessions set seed regardless of their origin, and mildly photoperiod-sensitive accessions set seed if they originated from regions with higher temperatures. Overall, Central American accessions of both wild and domesticated amaranths showed large variation in flowering time and photoperiod sensitivity, whereas variation among South American wild and domesticated amaranths was limited to mild photoperiod sensitivity. This observation is consistent with a model of independent domestication in Central and South America, and suggests a potential Central American origin of <i>A. hybridus</i> followed by migration to and selection against high photoperiod sensitivity in South America. Our results provide useful information for the design of breeding programs for different uses, and provide insights into grain amaranth domestication by considering flowering time as an adaptive trait. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:49:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-40da8ccecae94639898130832a99953d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:49:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-40da8ccecae94639898130832a99953d2023-11-23T18:23:12ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-02-0112250510.3390/agronomy12020505Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local AdaptationAli Baturaygil0Karl Schmid1Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, GermanyInstitute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, GermanyGrain amaranths (<i>Amaranthus</i> spp.) are ancient crops from the Americas that are consumed as pseudo-cereals and vegetables. Two grain amaranths, <i>A. cruentus</i> and <i>A. hypochondriacus</i>, originated in Central America, and <i>A. caudatus</i> in South America. Flowering time variation plays a central role in their uses as seed, vegetable and biomass crops. We characterized phenotypic variation for plant height, flowering time and seed setting among 253 genebank accessions including three grain and two wild ancestor species (<i>A. hybridus</i> and <i>A. quitensis)</i> in the temperate climatic and long-day conditions of Germany. Among grain amaranths, <i>A. cruentus</i> flowered early and 88% of the accessions set seed. <i>A. hypochondriacus</i> accessions were mildly or highly photoperiod-sensitive with a lower proportion of seed setting (31%). <i>A. caudatus</i> accessions were mildly photoperiod-sensitive and failed seed production. Photoperiod-insensitive accessions set seed regardless of their origin, and mildly photoperiod-sensitive accessions set seed if they originated from regions with higher temperatures. Overall, Central American accessions of both wild and domesticated amaranths showed large variation in flowering time and photoperiod sensitivity, whereas variation among South American wild and domesticated amaranths was limited to mild photoperiod sensitivity. This observation is consistent with a model of independent domestication in Central and South America, and suggests a potential Central American origin of <i>A. hybridus</i> followed by migration to and selection against high photoperiod sensitivity in South America. Our results provide useful information for the design of breeding programs for different uses, and provide insights into grain amaranth domestication by considering flowering time as an adaptive trait.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/505floweringamaranthphotoperioddomesticationadaptationcharacterization |
| spellingShingle | Ali Baturaygil Karl Schmid Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local Adaptation Agronomy flowering amaranth photoperiod domestication adaptation characterization |
| title | Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local Adaptation |
| title_full | Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local Adaptation |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local Adaptation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local Adaptation |
| title_short | Characterization of Flowering Time in Genebank Accessions of Grain Amaranths and Their Wild Relatives Reveals Signatures of Domestication and Local Adaptation |
| title_sort | characterization of flowering time in genebank accessions of grain amaranths and their wild relatives reveals signatures of domestication and local adaptation |
| topic | flowering amaranth photoperiod domestication adaptation characterization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/505 |
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