| Summary: | New carboxamides, (±)-vochysiamide C (<b>1</b>) and (+)-vochysiamide B (<b>2</b>), and a new polyketide, 4<i>S</i>,3a<i>S</i>,9a<i>R</i>-3a,9a-deoxy-3a hydroxy-1-dehydroxyarthrinone (<b>3</b>), were isolated and identified from the sponge-derived fungus <i>Arthrinium</i> sp. SCSIO 41421, together with other fifteen known natural products (<b>4</b>–<b>18</b>). Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by detailed NMR, MS spectroscopic analyses, calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD), as well as quantum-chemical NMR calculations. Preliminary bioactivity screening and molecular docking analysis revealed that several natural products exhibited obvious enzyme inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), such as 2,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methylxanthone (<b>4</b>) with an inhibitory rate 86% at 50 μg/mL.
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