Identification and characterization of immature Anopheles and culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in Uganda
Abstract Background Over the last two decades, there has been remarkable progress in malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa, due mainly to the massive deployment of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. Despite these gains, it is clear that in many situations, additional interv...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2020-06-01
|
| Series: | Malaria Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-020-03304-7 |
| _version_ | 1818415520409452544 |
|---|---|
| author | Alex K. Musiime David L. Smith Maxwell Kilama Otto Geoffrey Patrick Kyagamba John Rek Melissa D. Conrad Joaniter I. Nankabirwa Emmanuel Arinaitwe Anne M. Akol Moses R. Kamya Grant Dorsey Sarah G. Staedke Chris Drakeley Steve W. Lindsay |
| author_facet | Alex K. Musiime David L. Smith Maxwell Kilama Otto Geoffrey Patrick Kyagamba John Rek Melissa D. Conrad Joaniter I. Nankabirwa Emmanuel Arinaitwe Anne M. Akol Moses R. Kamya Grant Dorsey Sarah G. Staedke Chris Drakeley Steve W. Lindsay |
| author_sort | Alex K. Musiime |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Over the last two decades, there has been remarkable progress in malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa, due mainly to the massive deployment of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. Despite these gains, it is clear that in many situations, additional interventions are needed to further reduce malaria transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted the Integrated Vector Management (IVM) approach through its Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030. However, prior roll-out of larval source management (LSM) as part of IVM, knowledge on ecology of larval aquatic habitats is required. Methods Aquatic habitats colonized by immature Anopheles and culicines vectors were characterized at three sites of low, medium and high malaria transmission in Uganda from October 2011 to June 2015. Larval surveys were conducted along transects in each site and aquatic habitats described according to type and size. Immature Anopheles, culicines and pupae from the described habitats were sampled using standard dipping methods to determine larval and pupae densities. Larvae were identified as anopheline or culicine, and counted. Pupae were not identified further. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the presence of immature Anopheles and culicines in each site. Results A total of 1205 larval aquatic habitats were surveyed and yielded a total of 17,028 anopheline larvae, 26,958 culicine larvae and 1189 pupae. Peaks in larval abundance occurred in all sites in March–May and August-October coinciding with the rainy seasons. Anopheles larvae were found in 52.4% (n = 251) of aquatic habitats in Tororo, a site of high transmission, 41.9% (n = 536) of habitats in Kanungu, a site with moderate malaria transmission, and 15.8% (n = 418) in Jinja, a site with low malaria transmission. The odds of finding larvae was highest in rice fields compared to pools in both Tororo (odds ratio, OR = 4.21, 95% CI 1.22–14.56, p = 0.02) and Kanungu (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.12–4.07, p = 0.02), while in Jinja the odd were highest in containers (OR = 4.55, 95% CI = 1.09–19.14, p = 0.03). In Kanungu, larvae were less likely to be found in containers compared to pools (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.09–0.66, p = 0.008) and river fringe (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.07–0.52, p = 0.001). Medium sized habitats were associated with high odds of finding larvae compared to small habitats (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 1.18–14.19, p = 0.039). Conclusions These findings show that immature Anopheles and culicines were common in areas of high and moderate transmission but were rare in areas of low transmission. Although immature Anopheles and culicines were found in all types of water bodies, they were most common in rice fields and less common in open drains and in river fringes. Methods are needed to reduce the aquatic stages of anopheline mosquitoes in human-made habitats, particularly rice fields. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T11:36:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-41225e80a72a456b9234c18c09d8cc95 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T11:36:18Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Malaria Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-41225e80a72a456b9234c18c09d8cc952022-12-21T23:03:02ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752020-06-0119111510.1186/s12936-020-03304-7Identification and characterization of immature Anopheles and culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in UgandaAlex K. Musiime0David L. Smith1Maxwell Kilama2Otto Geoffrey3Patrick Kyagamba4John Rek5Melissa D. Conrad6Joaniter I. Nankabirwa7Emmanuel Arinaitwe8Anne M. Akol9Moses R. Kamya10Grant Dorsey11Sarah G. Staedke12Chris Drakeley13Steve W. Lindsay14Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationDepartment of Health Metrics Sciences, University of WashingtonInfectious Diseases Research CollaborationInfectious Diseases Research CollaborationInfectious Diseases Research CollaborationInfectious Diseases Research CollaborationDepartment of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of CaliforniaInfectious Diseases Research CollaborationInfectious Diseases Research CollaborationDepartment of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere UniversityInfectious Diseases Research CollaborationDepartment of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of CaliforniaFaculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineDepartment of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineDepartment of Biosciences, Durham UniversityAbstract Background Over the last two decades, there has been remarkable progress in malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa, due mainly to the massive deployment of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. Despite these gains, it is clear that in many situations, additional interventions are needed to further reduce malaria transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted the Integrated Vector Management (IVM) approach through its Global Vector Control Response 2017–2030. However, prior roll-out of larval source management (LSM) as part of IVM, knowledge on ecology of larval aquatic habitats is required. Methods Aquatic habitats colonized by immature Anopheles and culicines vectors were characterized at three sites of low, medium and high malaria transmission in Uganda from October 2011 to June 2015. Larval surveys were conducted along transects in each site and aquatic habitats described according to type and size. Immature Anopheles, culicines and pupae from the described habitats were sampled using standard dipping methods to determine larval and pupae densities. Larvae were identified as anopheline or culicine, and counted. Pupae were not identified further. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with the presence of immature Anopheles and culicines in each site. Results A total of 1205 larval aquatic habitats were surveyed and yielded a total of 17,028 anopheline larvae, 26,958 culicine larvae and 1189 pupae. Peaks in larval abundance occurred in all sites in March–May and August-October coinciding with the rainy seasons. Anopheles larvae were found in 52.4% (n = 251) of aquatic habitats in Tororo, a site of high transmission, 41.9% (n = 536) of habitats in Kanungu, a site with moderate malaria transmission, and 15.8% (n = 418) in Jinja, a site with low malaria transmission. The odds of finding larvae was highest in rice fields compared to pools in both Tororo (odds ratio, OR = 4.21, 95% CI 1.22–14.56, p = 0.02) and Kanungu (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.12–4.07, p = 0.02), while in Jinja the odd were highest in containers (OR = 4.55, 95% CI = 1.09–19.14, p = 0.03). In Kanungu, larvae were less likely to be found in containers compared to pools (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.09–0.66, p = 0.008) and river fringe (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.07–0.52, p = 0.001). Medium sized habitats were associated with high odds of finding larvae compared to small habitats (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 1.18–14.19, p = 0.039). Conclusions These findings show that immature Anopheles and culicines were common in areas of high and moderate transmission but were rare in areas of low transmission. Although immature Anopheles and culicines were found in all types of water bodies, they were most common in rice fields and less common in open drains and in river fringes. Methods are needed to reduce the aquatic stages of anopheline mosquitoes in human-made habitats, particularly rice fields.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-020-03304-7AnophelesCulicineAnophelineLarvaePupaeAquatic habitats |
| spellingShingle | Alex K. Musiime David L. Smith Maxwell Kilama Otto Geoffrey Patrick Kyagamba John Rek Melissa D. Conrad Joaniter I. Nankabirwa Emmanuel Arinaitwe Anne M. Akol Moses R. Kamya Grant Dorsey Sarah G. Staedke Chris Drakeley Steve W. Lindsay Identification and characterization of immature Anopheles and culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in Uganda Malaria Journal Anopheles Culicine Anopheline Larvae Pupae Aquatic habitats |
| title | Identification and characterization of immature Anopheles and culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in Uganda |
| title_full | Identification and characterization of immature Anopheles and culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in Uganda |
| title_fullStr | Identification and characterization of immature Anopheles and culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in Uganda |
| title_full_unstemmed | Identification and characterization of immature Anopheles and culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in Uganda |
| title_short | Identification and characterization of immature Anopheles and culicines (Diptera: Culicidae) at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in Uganda |
| title_sort | identification and characterization of immature anopheles and culicines diptera culicidae at three sites of varying malaria transmission intensities in uganda |
| topic | Anopheles Culicine Anopheline Larvae Pupae Aquatic habitats |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12936-020-03304-7 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alexkmusiime identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT davidlsmith identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT maxwellkilama identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT ottogeoffrey identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT patrickkyagamba identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT johnrek identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT melissadconrad identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT joaniterinankabirwa identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT emmanuelarinaitwe identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT annemakol identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT mosesrkamya identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT grantdorsey identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT sarahgstaedke identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT chrisdrakeley identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda AT stevewlindsay identificationandcharacterizationofimmatureanophelesandculicinesdipteraculicidaeatthreesitesofvaryingmalariatransmissionintensitiesinuganda |