Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Common Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Ethanolic Extracts Displayed Antiproliferative Effects and Induced Caspase 3 Activity in Human HT29 and SW480 Cancer Cells
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising nanomaterials exhibiting anti-cancer effects. Green AuNPs synthesis using plant extracts can be used to achieve stable and beneficial nanoparticles due to their content of bioactive compounds. This research aimed to synthesize and evaluate the antiproliferati...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/10/2069 |
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| author | Karen M. Soto Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo José M. López-Romero Sandra Mendoza Guadalupe Loarca-Piña Eric M. Rivera-Muñoz Alejandro Manzano-Ramírez |
| author_facet | Karen M. Soto Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo José M. López-Romero Sandra Mendoza Guadalupe Loarca-Piña Eric M. Rivera-Muñoz Alejandro Manzano-Ramírez |
| author_sort | Karen M. Soto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising nanomaterials exhibiting anti-cancer effects. Green AuNPs synthesis using plant extracts can be used to achieve stable and beneficial nanoparticles due to their content of bioactive compounds. This research aimed to synthesize and evaluate the antiproliferative and caspase-3 activity induction of green AuNPs synthesized with common mullein (<i>V. thapsus</i>) flowers (AuNPsME) and castor bean (<i>R. communis</i>) leaves (AuNPsCE) ethanolic extracts in human HT29 and SW480 colorectal cancer cells. Their effect was compared with chemically synthesized AuNPs (AuNPsCS). The extracts mainly contained <i>p</i>-coumaric acid (71.88–79.93 µg/g), ferulic acid (19.07–310.71 µg/g), and rutin (8.14–13.31 µg/g). The obtained nanoparticles presented typical FT-IR bands confirming the inclusion of polyphenols from <i>V. thapsus</i> and <i>R. communis</i> and spherical/quasi-spherical morphologies with diameters in the 20.06–37.14 nm range. The nanoparticles (20–200 µg/mL) showed antiproliferative effects in both cell lines, with AuNPsCE being the most potent (IC<sub>50</sub> HT29: 110.10 and IC<sub>50</sub>SW480: 64.57 µg/mL). The AuNPsCS showed the lowest intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in SW480 cells. All treatments induced caspase 3/7 activity to a similar or greater extent than 30 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated cells. Results indicated the suitability of <i>V. thapsus</i> and <i>R. communis</i> extracts to synthesize AuNPs, displaying a stronger antiproliferative effect than AuNPsCS. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:35:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
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| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-41345a0539f742d0bf7fccc87362f2432023-11-24T01:55:11ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232022-09-011410206910.3390/pharmaceutics14102069Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Common Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Ethanolic Extracts Displayed Antiproliferative Effects and Induced Caspase 3 Activity in Human HT29 and SW480 Cancer CellsKaren M. Soto0Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo1José M. López-Romero2Sandra Mendoza3Guadalupe Loarca-Piña4Eric M. Rivera-Muñoz5Alejandro Manzano-Ramírez6Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N. Unidad Querétaro, Queretaro 76230, MexicoInstituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM-Campus Juriquilla), Queretaro 76230, MexicoCentro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N. Unidad Querétaro, Queretaro 76230, MexicoResearch and Graduate Program in Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76010, MexicoResearch and Graduate Program in Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro 76010, MexicoCentro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM-Campus Juriquilla), Queretaro 76230, MexicoCentro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del I. P. N. Unidad Querétaro, Queretaro 76230, MexicoGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising nanomaterials exhibiting anti-cancer effects. Green AuNPs synthesis using plant extracts can be used to achieve stable and beneficial nanoparticles due to their content of bioactive compounds. This research aimed to synthesize and evaluate the antiproliferative and caspase-3 activity induction of green AuNPs synthesized with common mullein (<i>V. thapsus</i>) flowers (AuNPsME) and castor bean (<i>R. communis</i>) leaves (AuNPsCE) ethanolic extracts in human HT29 and SW480 colorectal cancer cells. Their effect was compared with chemically synthesized AuNPs (AuNPsCS). The extracts mainly contained <i>p</i>-coumaric acid (71.88–79.93 µg/g), ferulic acid (19.07–310.71 µg/g), and rutin (8.14–13.31 µg/g). The obtained nanoparticles presented typical FT-IR bands confirming the inclusion of polyphenols from <i>V. thapsus</i> and <i>R. communis</i> and spherical/quasi-spherical morphologies with diameters in the 20.06–37.14 nm range. The nanoparticles (20–200 µg/mL) showed antiproliferative effects in both cell lines, with AuNPsCE being the most potent (IC<sub>50</sub> HT29: 110.10 and IC<sub>50</sub>SW480: 64.57 µg/mL). The AuNPsCS showed the lowest intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in SW480 cells. All treatments induced caspase 3/7 activity to a similar or greater extent than 30 mM H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated cells. Results indicated the suitability of <i>V. thapsus</i> and <i>R. communis</i> extracts to synthesize AuNPs, displaying a stronger antiproliferative effect than AuNPsCS.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/10/2069antiproliferative effectcastor bean (<i>R. communis</i>)colorectal cancercommon mullein (<i>V. thapsus</i>)gold nanoparticlesreactive oxygen species |
| spellingShingle | Karen M. Soto Ivan Luzardo-Ocampo José M. López-Romero Sandra Mendoza Guadalupe Loarca-Piña Eric M. Rivera-Muñoz Alejandro Manzano-Ramírez Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Common Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Ethanolic Extracts Displayed Antiproliferative Effects and Induced Caspase 3 Activity in Human HT29 and SW480 Cancer Cells Pharmaceutics antiproliferative effect castor bean (<i>R. communis</i>) colorectal cancer common mullein (<i>V. thapsus</i>) gold nanoparticles reactive oxygen species |
| title | Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Common Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Ethanolic Extracts Displayed Antiproliferative Effects and Induced Caspase 3 Activity in Human HT29 and SW480 Cancer Cells |
| title_full | Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Common Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Ethanolic Extracts Displayed Antiproliferative Effects and Induced Caspase 3 Activity in Human HT29 and SW480 Cancer Cells |
| title_fullStr | Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Common Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Ethanolic Extracts Displayed Antiproliferative Effects and Induced Caspase 3 Activity in Human HT29 and SW480 Cancer Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Common Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Ethanolic Extracts Displayed Antiproliferative Effects and Induced Caspase 3 Activity in Human HT29 and SW480 Cancer Cells |
| title_short | Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Common Mullein (<i>Verbascum thapsus</i>) and Castor Bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) Ethanolic Extracts Displayed Antiproliferative Effects and Induced Caspase 3 Activity in Human HT29 and SW480 Cancer Cells |
| title_sort | gold nanoparticles synthesized with common mullein i verbascum thapsus i and castor bean i ricinus communis i ethanolic extracts displayed antiproliferative effects and induced caspase 3 activity in human ht29 and sw480 cancer cells |
| topic | antiproliferative effect castor bean (<i>R. communis</i>) colorectal cancer common mullein (<i>V. thapsus</i>) gold nanoparticles reactive oxygen species |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/10/2069 |
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