Disjoint and Functional Principal Component Analysis for Infected Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in South American Countries with Sensor-Related Data
In this paper, we group South American countries based on the number of infected cases and deaths due to COVID-19. The countries considered are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The data used are collected from a database of Johns Hopkins...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4094 |
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author | Carlos Martin-Barreiro John A. Ramirez-Figueroa Xavier Cabezas Víctor Leiva M. Purificación Galindo-Villardón |
author_facet | Carlos Martin-Barreiro John A. Ramirez-Figueroa Xavier Cabezas Víctor Leiva M. Purificación Galindo-Villardón |
author_sort | Carlos Martin-Barreiro |
collection | DOAJ |
description | In this paper, we group South American countries based on the number of infected cases and deaths due to COVID-19. The countries considered are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The data used are collected from a database of Johns Hopkins University, an institution that is dedicated to sensing and monitoring the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. A statistical analysis, based on principal components with modern and recent techniques, is conducted. Initially, utilizing the correlation matrix, standard components and varimax rotations are calculated. Then, by using disjoint components and functional components, the countries are grouped. An algorithm that allows us to keep the principal component analysis updated with a sensor in the data warehouse is designed. As reported in the conclusions, this grouping changes depending on the number of components considered, the type of principal component (standard, disjoint or functional) and the variable to be considered (infected cases or deaths). The results obtained are compared to the k-means technique. The COVID-19 cases and their deaths vary in the different countries due to diverse reasons, as reported in the conclusions. |
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format | Article |
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institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 1424-8220 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:25:16Z |
publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
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series | Sensors |
spelling | doaj.art-416b6519797d40a58e0486987be8e62c2023-11-22T00:03:55ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-06-012112409410.3390/s21124094Disjoint and Functional Principal Component Analysis for Infected Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in South American Countries with Sensor-Related DataCarlos Martin-Barreiro0John A. Ramirez-Figueroa1Xavier Cabezas2Víctor Leiva3M. Purificación Galindo-Villardón4Department of Statistics, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, SpainDepartment of Statistics, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, SpainFaculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad Politécnica ESPOL, Guayaquil 090902, EcuadorSchool of Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362807, ChileDepartment of Statistics, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, SpainIn this paper, we group South American countries based on the number of infected cases and deaths due to COVID-19. The countries considered are: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The data used are collected from a database of Johns Hopkins University, an institution that is dedicated to sensing and monitoring the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. A statistical analysis, based on principal components with modern and recent techniques, is conducted. Initially, utilizing the correlation matrix, standard components and varimax rotations are calculated. Then, by using disjoint components and functional components, the countries are grouped. An algorithm that allows us to keep the principal component analysis updated with a sensor in the data warehouse is designed. As reported in the conclusions, this grouping changes depending on the number of components considered, the type of principal component (standard, disjoint or functional) and the variable to be considered (infected cases or deaths). The results obtained are compared to the k-means technique. The COVID-19 cases and their deaths vary in the different countries due to diverse reasons, as reported in the conclusions.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4094data sciencedisjoint and functional componentsinfectious diseasesk-means clusteringmultivariate statistical methodsR software |
spellingShingle | Carlos Martin-Barreiro John A. Ramirez-Figueroa Xavier Cabezas Víctor Leiva M. Purificación Galindo-Villardón Disjoint and Functional Principal Component Analysis for Infected Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in South American Countries with Sensor-Related Data Sensors data science disjoint and functional components infectious diseases k-means clustering multivariate statistical methods R software |
title | Disjoint and Functional Principal Component Analysis for Infected Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in South American Countries with Sensor-Related Data |
title_full | Disjoint and Functional Principal Component Analysis for Infected Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in South American Countries with Sensor-Related Data |
title_fullStr | Disjoint and Functional Principal Component Analysis for Infected Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in South American Countries with Sensor-Related Data |
title_full_unstemmed | Disjoint and Functional Principal Component Analysis for Infected Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in South American Countries with Sensor-Related Data |
title_short | Disjoint and Functional Principal Component Analysis for Infected Cases and Deaths Due to COVID-19 in South American Countries with Sensor-Related Data |
title_sort | disjoint and functional principal component analysis for infected cases and deaths due to covid 19 in south american countries with sensor related data |
topic | data science disjoint and functional components infectious diseases k-means clustering multivariate statistical methods R software |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4094 |
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