Selective Laser Melting of Free-Assembled Stainless Steel 316L Hinges: Optimization of Volumetric Laser Energy Density and Joint Clearance
Selective laser melting technology is one of the metal additive manufacturing technologies that can convert metal powder to complex parts without the assembly process. This study aims to optimize the volumetric laser energy density for printing 3D metal objects with hinges geometry. The material is...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Metals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/7/1223 |
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| author | Cho-Pei Jiang Alvian Toto Wibisono Shun-Hsien Wang Tim Pasang Maziar Ramezani |
| author_facet | Cho-Pei Jiang Alvian Toto Wibisono Shun-Hsien Wang Tim Pasang Maziar Ramezani |
| author_sort | Cho-Pei Jiang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Selective laser melting technology is one of the metal additive manufacturing technologies that can convert metal powder to complex parts without the assembly process. This study aims to optimize the volumetric laser energy density for printing 3D metal objects with hinges geometry. The material is stainless steel 316L powder. The volumetric laser energy densities ranging from 4.1 J/mm<sup>3</sup> to 119.1 J/mm<sup>3</sup> are applied to fabricate 3D free-assembled hinges with various clearances of 0.38 mm, 0.39 mm, 0.40 mm, and 0.41 mm and investigate the relationship between volumetric laser energy density and clearance. A multibody model, consisting of nine segments with eight hinges, is proposed to be printed with the optimized volumetric laser energy density. The optical microscope and the hardness test are performed to observe the porosity and hardness property of the SLMed object. The result shows that laser energy densities between 105.5 J/mm<sup>3</sup> and 119.1 J/mm<sup>3</sup> can produce the high densification of SLMed objects with a porosity defect of 0.24% to 0.20% and hardness in the range of 207 HV to 215 HV. The optimization of laser energy densities is in the range of 105.5 J/mm<sup>3</sup> to 119.1 J/mm<sup>3</sup>, which can be used to fabricate the movable hinges with a minimum clearance size of 0.41 mm. The proposed dinosaur object is printed successfully and all joints are rotatable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:22:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-41863ed148fb4222b354a9286cad8d63 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:22:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metals |
| spelling | doaj.art-41863ed148fb4222b354a9286cad8d632023-11-30T21:28:23ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012022-07-01127122310.3390/met12071223Selective Laser Melting of Free-Assembled Stainless Steel 316L Hinges: Optimization of Volumetric Laser Energy Density and Joint ClearanceCho-Pei Jiang0Alvian Toto Wibisono1Shun-Hsien Wang2Tim Pasang3Maziar Ramezani4Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Zhongxiao E Rd, Taipei 10608, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Mechatronics, National Taipei University of Technology, Zhongxiao E Rd, Taipei 10608, TaiwanDepartment of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Technology, Oregon Institute of Technology, 3201 Campus Drive, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, 55 Wellesley Street East, Auckland 1010, New ZealandSelective laser melting technology is one of the metal additive manufacturing technologies that can convert metal powder to complex parts without the assembly process. This study aims to optimize the volumetric laser energy density for printing 3D metal objects with hinges geometry. The material is stainless steel 316L powder. The volumetric laser energy densities ranging from 4.1 J/mm<sup>3</sup> to 119.1 J/mm<sup>3</sup> are applied to fabricate 3D free-assembled hinges with various clearances of 0.38 mm, 0.39 mm, 0.40 mm, and 0.41 mm and investigate the relationship between volumetric laser energy density and clearance. A multibody model, consisting of nine segments with eight hinges, is proposed to be printed with the optimized volumetric laser energy density. The optical microscope and the hardness test are performed to observe the porosity and hardness property of the SLMed object. The result shows that laser energy densities between 105.5 J/mm<sup>3</sup> and 119.1 J/mm<sup>3</sup> can produce the high densification of SLMed objects with a porosity defect of 0.24% to 0.20% and hardness in the range of 207 HV to 215 HV. The optimization of laser energy densities is in the range of 105.5 J/mm<sup>3</sup> to 119.1 J/mm<sup>3</sup>, which can be used to fabricate the movable hinges with a minimum clearance size of 0.41 mm. The proposed dinosaur object is printed successfully and all joints are rotatable.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/7/1223selective laser melting316Lvolumetric laser energy densityfree assemblyhinge clearance |
| spellingShingle | Cho-Pei Jiang Alvian Toto Wibisono Shun-Hsien Wang Tim Pasang Maziar Ramezani Selective Laser Melting of Free-Assembled Stainless Steel 316L Hinges: Optimization of Volumetric Laser Energy Density and Joint Clearance Metals selective laser melting 316L volumetric laser energy density free assembly hinge clearance |
| title | Selective Laser Melting of Free-Assembled Stainless Steel 316L Hinges: Optimization of Volumetric Laser Energy Density and Joint Clearance |
| title_full | Selective Laser Melting of Free-Assembled Stainless Steel 316L Hinges: Optimization of Volumetric Laser Energy Density and Joint Clearance |
| title_fullStr | Selective Laser Melting of Free-Assembled Stainless Steel 316L Hinges: Optimization of Volumetric Laser Energy Density and Joint Clearance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Selective Laser Melting of Free-Assembled Stainless Steel 316L Hinges: Optimization of Volumetric Laser Energy Density and Joint Clearance |
| title_short | Selective Laser Melting of Free-Assembled Stainless Steel 316L Hinges: Optimization of Volumetric Laser Energy Density and Joint Clearance |
| title_sort | selective laser melting of free assembled stainless steel 316l hinges optimization of volumetric laser energy density and joint clearance |
| topic | selective laser melting 316L volumetric laser energy density free assembly hinge clearance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/12/7/1223 |
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