A Review of Top-Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part I: Plant and Reactor Engineering
Part I of this series of papers focuses on plant and reactor engineering aspects of the TSL reactor technology. A general flowsheet is presented, while emphasis is given to the definition of different reactor zones in terms of fluid dynamics and occurring reactions. Then, the technical advantages of...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Metals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/10/1728 |
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| author | Avinash Kandalam Markus A. Reuter Michael Stelter Markus Reinmöller Martin Gräbner Andreas Richter Alexandros Charitos |
| author_facet | Avinash Kandalam Markus A. Reuter Michael Stelter Markus Reinmöller Martin Gräbner Andreas Richter Alexandros Charitos |
| author_sort | Avinash Kandalam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Part I of this series of papers focuses on plant and reactor engineering aspects of the TSL reactor technology. A general flowsheet is presented, while emphasis is given to the definition of different reactor zones in terms of fluid dynamics and occurring reactions. Then, the technical advantages of TSL processing, such as feed flexibility and high conversion rates (due to induced turbulence), low dust generation, and low fugitive emissions, are explained. In addition, the reactor is analyzed part by part, also taking into account patent literature, focusing on furnace design, settling furnaces for molten phase disengagement, feeding systems regarding input material streams such as concentrates and fuels, vessel cooling arrangements, off-gas system, and aspects associated with the refractory lining. Furthermore, specific focus is given to the centerpiece of the TSL reactor, i.e., the reactor lance. Associated developments have focused on establishing a slag coating to hinder lance wear, i.e., the development of cooling mechanisms (e.g., use of fluid-cooled lance and shroud arrangements), the increment of O<sub>2</sub> enrichment within the incoming air stream, and influencing of fluid dynamics (e.g., O<sub>2</sub> conversion at the lance tip, bubble formation, and bath splashing). Finally, comprehensive tables concerning process developments and commissioned TSL plants are provided thus concluding Part I of the review. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:03:23Z |
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| id | doaj.art-418df55a18ab47c1a4a9cbe9144001e0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:03:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| series | Metals |
| spelling | doaj.art-418df55a18ab47c1a4a9cbe9144001e02023-11-19T17:22:04ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012023-10-011310172810.3390/met13101728A Review of Top-Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part I: Plant and Reactor EngineeringAvinash Kandalam0Markus A. Reuter1Michael Stelter2Markus Reinmöller3Martin Gräbner4Andreas Richter5Alexandros Charitos6TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy and Purest Materials (INEMET), Leipziger Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, GermanyTU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy and Purest Materials (INEMET), Leipziger Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, GermanyTU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy and Purest Materials (INEMET), Leipziger Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, GermanyDepartment of Engineering Technology and Didactics, DTU Engineering Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lautrupvang 15, 2750 Ballerup, DenmarkTU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering (IEC), Reiche Zeche, Fuchsmühlenweg 9 D, 09599 Freiberg, GermanyTU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering (IEC), Reiche Zeche, Fuchsmühlenweg 9 D, 09599 Freiberg, GermanyTU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy and Purest Materials (INEMET), Leipziger Straße 34, 09599 Freiberg, GermanyPart I of this series of papers focuses on plant and reactor engineering aspects of the TSL reactor technology. A general flowsheet is presented, while emphasis is given to the definition of different reactor zones in terms of fluid dynamics and occurring reactions. Then, the technical advantages of TSL processing, such as feed flexibility and high conversion rates (due to induced turbulence), low dust generation, and low fugitive emissions, are explained. In addition, the reactor is analyzed part by part, also taking into account patent literature, focusing on furnace design, settling furnaces for molten phase disengagement, feeding systems regarding input material streams such as concentrates and fuels, vessel cooling arrangements, off-gas system, and aspects associated with the refractory lining. Furthermore, specific focus is given to the centerpiece of the TSL reactor, i.e., the reactor lance. Associated developments have focused on establishing a slag coating to hinder lance wear, i.e., the development of cooling mechanisms (e.g., use of fluid-cooled lance and shroud arrangements), the increment of O<sub>2</sub> enrichment within the incoming air stream, and influencing of fluid dynamics (e.g., O<sub>2</sub> conversion at the lance tip, bubble formation, and bath splashing). Finally, comprehensive tables concerning process developments and commissioned TSL plants are provided thus concluding Part I of the review.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/10/1728pyrometallurgyextractive metallurgyreactor engineeringAUSMELTISASMELTTSL |
| spellingShingle | Avinash Kandalam Markus A. Reuter Michael Stelter Markus Reinmöller Martin Gräbner Andreas Richter Alexandros Charitos A Review of Top-Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part I: Plant and Reactor Engineering Metals pyrometallurgy extractive metallurgy reactor engineering AUSMELT ISASMELT TSL |
| title | A Review of Top-Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part I: Plant and Reactor Engineering |
| title_full | A Review of Top-Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part I: Plant and Reactor Engineering |
| title_fullStr | A Review of Top-Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part I: Plant and Reactor Engineering |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review of Top-Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part I: Plant and Reactor Engineering |
| title_short | A Review of Top-Submerged Lance (TSL) Processing—Part I: Plant and Reactor Engineering |
| title_sort | review of top submerged lance tsl processing part i plant and reactor engineering |
| topic | pyrometallurgy extractive metallurgy reactor engineering AUSMELT ISASMELT TSL |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/13/10/1728 |
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