Microbial diversity of co-occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteria
Abstract Background The cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are responsible for around 10% of global net primary productivity, serving as part of the foundation of marine food webs. Heterotrophic bacteria are often co-isolated with these picocyanobacteria in seawater enrichment cultures...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Environmental Microbiome |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-020-00370-x |
| _version_ | 1818429379939663872 |
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| author | Sean M. Kearney Elaina Thomas Allison Coe Sallie W. Chisholm |
| author_facet | Sean M. Kearney Elaina Thomas Allison Coe Sallie W. Chisholm |
| author_sort | Sean M. Kearney |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are responsible for around 10% of global net primary productivity, serving as part of the foundation of marine food webs. Heterotrophic bacteria are often co-isolated with these picocyanobacteria in seawater enrichment cultures that contain no added organic carbon; heterotrophs grow on organic carbon supplied by the photolithoautotrophs. For examining the selective pressures shaping autotroph/heterotroph interactions, we have made use of unialgal enrichment cultures of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus maintained for hundreds to thousands of generations in the lab. We examine the diversity of heterotrophs in 74 enrichment cultures of these picocyanobacteria obtained from diverse areas of the global oceans. Results Heterotroph community composition differed between clades and ecotypes of the autotrophic ‘hosts’ but there was significant overlap in heterotroph community composition across these cultures. Collectively, the cultures were comprised of many shared taxa, even at the genus level. Yet, observed differences in community composition were associated with time since isolation, location, depth, and methods of isolation. The majority of heterotrophs in the cultures are rare in the global ocean, but enrichment conditions favor the opportunistic outgrowth of these rare bacteria. However, we found a few examples, such as bacteria in the family Rhodobacteraceae, of heterotrophs that were ubiquitous and abundant in cultures and in the global oceans. We found their abundance in the wild is also positively correlated with that of picocyanobacteria. Conclusions Particular conditions surrounding isolation have a persistent effect on long-term culture composition, likely from bottlenecking and selection that happen during the early stages of enrichment for the picocyanobacteria. We highlight the potential for examining ecologically relevant relationships by identifying patterns of distribution of culture-enriched organisms in the global oceans. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T15:16:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-41a9c44745e944a49d8533a0e1352d52 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2524-6372 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T15:16:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Microbiome |
| spelling | doaj.art-41a9c44745e944a49d8533a0e1352d522022-12-21T22:56:17ZengBMCEnvironmental Microbiome2524-63722021-01-0116111510.1186/s40793-020-00370-xMicrobial diversity of co-occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteriaSean M. Kearney0Elaina Thomas1Allison Coe2Sallie W. Chisholm3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyAbstract Background The cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are responsible for around 10% of global net primary productivity, serving as part of the foundation of marine food webs. Heterotrophic bacteria are often co-isolated with these picocyanobacteria in seawater enrichment cultures that contain no added organic carbon; heterotrophs grow on organic carbon supplied by the photolithoautotrophs. For examining the selective pressures shaping autotroph/heterotroph interactions, we have made use of unialgal enrichment cultures of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus maintained for hundreds to thousands of generations in the lab. We examine the diversity of heterotrophs in 74 enrichment cultures of these picocyanobacteria obtained from diverse areas of the global oceans. Results Heterotroph community composition differed between clades and ecotypes of the autotrophic ‘hosts’ but there was significant overlap in heterotroph community composition across these cultures. Collectively, the cultures were comprised of many shared taxa, even at the genus level. Yet, observed differences in community composition were associated with time since isolation, location, depth, and methods of isolation. The majority of heterotrophs in the cultures are rare in the global ocean, but enrichment conditions favor the opportunistic outgrowth of these rare bacteria. However, we found a few examples, such as bacteria in the family Rhodobacteraceae, of heterotrophs that were ubiquitous and abundant in cultures and in the global oceans. We found their abundance in the wild is also positively correlated with that of picocyanobacteria. Conclusions Particular conditions surrounding isolation have a persistent effect on long-term culture composition, likely from bottlenecking and selection that happen during the early stages of enrichment for the picocyanobacteria. We highlight the potential for examining ecologically relevant relationships by identifying patterns of distribution of culture-enriched organisms in the global oceans.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-020-00370-xProchlorococcusSynechococcusPhycosphere16SCopiotrophs |
| spellingShingle | Sean M. Kearney Elaina Thomas Allison Coe Sallie W. Chisholm Microbial diversity of co-occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteria Environmental Microbiome Prochlorococcus Synechococcus Phycosphere 16S Copiotrophs |
| title | Microbial diversity of co-occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteria |
| title_full | Microbial diversity of co-occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteria |
| title_fullStr | Microbial diversity of co-occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteria |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbial diversity of co-occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteria |
| title_short | Microbial diversity of co-occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteria |
| title_sort | microbial diversity of co occurring heterotrophs in cultures of marine picocyanobacteria |
| topic | Prochlorococcus Synechococcus Phycosphere 16S Copiotrophs |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-020-00370-x |
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