Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of Vortices
Hodgkin and Huxley showed that even if the filaments are dissolved, a neuron’s membrane alone can generate and transmit the nerve spike. Regulating the time gap between spikes is the brain’s cognitive key. However, the time modula-tion mechanism is still a mystery. By inserting a coaxial probe deep...
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| author | Pushpendra Singh Pathik Sahoo Komal Saxena Jhimli Sarkar Manna Kanad Ray Subrata Ghosh Anirban Bandyopadhyay |
| author_facet | Pushpendra Singh Pathik Sahoo Komal Saxena Jhimli Sarkar Manna Kanad Ray Subrata Ghosh Anirban Bandyopadhyay |
| author_sort | Pushpendra Singh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hodgkin and Huxley showed that even if the filaments are dissolved, a neuron’s membrane alone can generate and transmit the nerve spike. Regulating the time gap between spikes is the brain’s cognitive key. However, the time modula-tion mechanism is still a mystery. By inserting a coaxial probe deep inside a neuron, we have re-peatedly shown that the filaments transmit electromagnetic signals ~200 μs before an ionic nerve spike sets in. To understand its origin, here, we mapped the electromagnetic vortex produced by a filamentary bundle deep inside a neuron, regulating the nerve spike’s electrical-ionic vortex. We used monochromatic polarized light to measure the transmitted signals beating from the internal components of a cultured neuron. A nerve spike is a 3D ring of the electric field encompassing the perimeter of a neural branch. Several such vortices flow sequentially to keep precise timing for the brain’s cognition. The filaments hold millisecond order time gaps between membrane spikes with microsecond order signaling of electromagnetic vortices. Dielectric resonance images revealed that ordered filaments inside neural branches instruct the ordered grid-like network of actin–beta-spectrin just below the membrane. That layer builds a pair of electric field vortices, which coherently activates all ion-channels in a circular area of the membrane lipid bilayer when a nerve spike propagates. When biomaterials vibrate resonantly with microwave and radio-wave, simultaneous quantum optics capture ultra-fast events in a non-demolition mode, revealing multiple correlated time-domain operations beyond the Hodgkin–Huxley paradigm. Neuron holograms pave the way to understanding the filamentary circuits of a neural network in addition to membrane circuits. |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:38:24Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-41d3ea3bfb4047f8a77681c4dd23cc342023-11-21T18:42:16ZengMDPI AGSymmetry2073-89942021-05-0113582110.3390/sym13050821Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of VorticesPushpendra Singh0Pathik Sahoo1Komal Saxena2Jhimli Sarkar Manna3Kanad Ray4Subrata Ghosh5Anirban Bandyopadhyay6International Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA), Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, JapanInternational Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA), Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, JapanInternational Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA), Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, JapanInternational Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA), Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, JapanAmity School of Applied Science, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, NH-11C, Jaipur Delhi Higway, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, IndiaChemical Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, NEIST, Jorhat, Assam 785006, IndiaInternational Center for Materials and Nanoarchitectronics (MANA), Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization (RCAMC), NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050047, JapanHodgkin and Huxley showed that even if the filaments are dissolved, a neuron’s membrane alone can generate and transmit the nerve spike. Regulating the time gap between spikes is the brain’s cognitive key. However, the time modula-tion mechanism is still a mystery. By inserting a coaxial probe deep inside a neuron, we have re-peatedly shown that the filaments transmit electromagnetic signals ~200 μs before an ionic nerve spike sets in. To understand its origin, here, we mapped the electromagnetic vortex produced by a filamentary bundle deep inside a neuron, regulating the nerve spike’s electrical-ionic vortex. We used monochromatic polarized light to measure the transmitted signals beating from the internal components of a cultured neuron. A nerve spike is a 3D ring of the electric field encompassing the perimeter of a neural branch. Several such vortices flow sequentially to keep precise timing for the brain’s cognition. The filaments hold millisecond order time gaps between membrane spikes with microsecond order signaling of electromagnetic vortices. Dielectric resonance images revealed that ordered filaments inside neural branches instruct the ordered grid-like network of actin–beta-spectrin just below the membrane. That layer builds a pair of electric field vortices, which coherently activates all ion-channels in a circular area of the membrane lipid bilayer when a nerve spike propagates. When biomaterials vibrate resonantly with microwave and radio-wave, simultaneous quantum optics capture ultra-fast events in a non-demolition mode, revealing multiple correlated time-domain operations beyond the Hodgkin–Huxley paradigm. Neuron holograms pave the way to understanding the filamentary circuits of a neural network in addition to membrane circuits.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/5/821neuronmicrotubuleoptical vortexclocking modelcoaxial atom probescanning dielectric microscope |
| spellingShingle | Pushpendra Singh Pathik Sahoo Komal Saxena Jhimli Sarkar Manna Kanad Ray Subrata Ghosh Anirban Bandyopadhyay Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of Vortices Symmetry neuron microtubule optical vortex clocking model coaxial atom probe scanning dielectric microscope |
| title | Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of Vortices |
| title_full | Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of Vortices |
| title_fullStr | Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of Vortices |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of Vortices |
| title_short | Cytoskeletal Filaments Deep Inside a Neuron Are not Silent: They Regulate the Precise Timing of Nerve Spikes Using a Pair of Vortices |
| title_sort | cytoskeletal filaments deep inside a neuron are not silent they regulate the precise timing of nerve spikes using a pair of vortices |
| topic | neuron microtubule optical vortex clocking model coaxial atom probe scanning dielectric microscope |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/5/821 |
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