FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder Carcinoma
Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BC) is a common, recurrent, life-threatening, and unpredictable disease which is difficult to diagnose. These features make it one of the costliest malignancies. Although many possible diagnostic methods are available, molecular heterogeneity and difficulties in cytolog...
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5734 |
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| author | Monika Kujdowicz Brygida Mech Karolina Chrabaszcz Piotr Chlosta Krzysztof Okon Kamilla Malek |
| author_facet | Monika Kujdowicz Brygida Mech Karolina Chrabaszcz Piotr Chlosta Krzysztof Okon Kamilla Malek |
| author_sort | Monika Kujdowicz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BC) is a common, recurrent, life-threatening, and unpredictable disease which is difficult to diagnose. These features make it one of the costliest malignancies. Although many possible diagnostic methods are available, molecular heterogeneity and difficulties in cytological or histological examination induce an urgent need to improve diagnostic techniques. Herein, we applied Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in imaging mode (FTIR) to investigate patients’ cytology samples assigned to normal (N), low-grade (LG) and high-grade (HG) BC. With unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (UHCA) and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, we observed a correlation between N cell types and morphology. High-glycogen superficial (umbrella) and low-glycogen piriform urothelial cells, both with normal morphology, were observed. Based on the spectra derived from UHCA, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were performed, indicating a variation of protein content between the patient groups. Moreover, BC spectral cytology identified a low number of high-glycogen cells for which a shift of the carbohydrate/phosphate bands was also observed. Despite high cellular heterogeneity, PLS-DA was able to classify the spectra obtained. The voided urine FTIR cytology is one of the options that might be helpful in BC diagnosis, as high sensitivity and specificity up to 97% were determined. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:38:11Z |
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| id | doaj.art-41d5efa9b89a407c8d0417ca98efe1a9 |
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| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:38:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-41d5efa9b89a407c8d0417ca98efe1a92023-11-22T22:42:30ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942021-11-011322573410.3390/cancers13225734FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder CarcinomaMonika Kujdowicz0Brygida Mech1Karolina Chrabaszcz2Piotr Chlosta3Krzysztof Okon4Kamilla Malek5Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakubowskiego 2, 30-688 Krakow, PolandDepartment of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, PolandFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, PolandBladder urothelial carcinoma (BC) is a common, recurrent, life-threatening, and unpredictable disease which is difficult to diagnose. These features make it one of the costliest malignancies. Although many possible diagnostic methods are available, molecular heterogeneity and difficulties in cytological or histological examination induce an urgent need to improve diagnostic techniques. Herein, we applied Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in imaging mode (FTIR) to investigate patients’ cytology samples assigned to normal (N), low-grade (LG) and high-grade (HG) BC. With unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (UHCA) and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, we observed a correlation between N cell types and morphology. High-glycogen superficial (umbrella) and low-glycogen piriform urothelial cells, both with normal morphology, were observed. Based on the spectra derived from UHCA, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were performed, indicating a variation of protein content between the patient groups. Moreover, BC spectral cytology identified a low number of high-glycogen cells for which a shift of the carbohydrate/phosphate bands was also observed. Despite high cellular heterogeneity, PLS-DA was able to classify the spectra obtained. The voided urine FTIR cytology is one of the options that might be helpful in BC diagnosis, as high sensitivity and specificity up to 97% were determined.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5734bladder carcinomainfrared spectroscopic imagingdiagnosticscytology |
| spellingShingle | Monika Kujdowicz Brygida Mech Karolina Chrabaszcz Piotr Chlosta Krzysztof Okon Kamilla Malek FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder Carcinoma Cancers bladder carcinoma infrared spectroscopic imaging diagnostics cytology |
| title | FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder Carcinoma |
| title_full | FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder Carcinoma |
| title_fullStr | FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder Carcinoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder Carcinoma |
| title_short | FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging Supports Urine Cytology for Classification of Low- and High-Grade Bladder Carcinoma |
| title_sort | ftir spectroscopic imaging supports urine cytology for classification of low and high grade bladder carcinoma |
| topic | bladder carcinoma infrared spectroscopic imaging diagnostics cytology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/22/5734 |
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