Cellular, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Nano-Formulation Aspects of Thymoquinone—A Potent Natural Antiviral Agent
The goal of an antiviral agent research is to find an antiviral drug that reduces viral growth without harming healthy cells. Transformations of the virus, new viral strain developments, the resistance of viral pathogens, and side effects are the current challenges in terms of discovering antiviral...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
|
| Series: | Molecules |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/14/5435 |
| _version_ | 1827732236030443520 |
|---|---|
| author | Ambreen Shoaib Shamama Javed Shadma Wahab Lubna Azmi Mohammad Tabish Muhammad H. Sultan Karim Abdelsalam Saad S. Alqahtani Md Faruque Ahmad |
| author_facet | Ambreen Shoaib Shamama Javed Shadma Wahab Lubna Azmi Mohammad Tabish Muhammad H. Sultan Karim Abdelsalam Saad S. Alqahtani Md Faruque Ahmad |
| author_sort | Ambreen Shoaib |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The goal of an antiviral agent research is to find an antiviral drug that reduces viral growth without harming healthy cells. Transformations of the virus, new viral strain developments, the resistance of viral pathogens, and side effects are the current challenges in terms of discovering antiviral drugs. The time has come and it is now essential to discover a natural antiviral agent that has the potential to destroy viruses without causing resistance or other unintended side effects. The pharmacological potency of thymoquinone (TQ) against different communicable and non-communicable diseases has been proven by various studies, and TQ is considered to be a safe antiviral substitute. Adjunctive immunomodulatory effects in addition to the antiviral potency of TQ makes it a major compound against viral infection through modulating the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, decreasing the cytokine storm, and inhibiting endothelial dysfunction. Nevertheless, TQ’s low oral bioavailability, short half-life, poor water solubility, and conventional formulation are barriers to achieving its optimal pharmacologic benefits. Nano-formulation proposes numerous ways to overcome these obstacles through a small particle size, a big surface area, and a variety of surface modifications. Nano-based pharmaceutical innovations to combat viral infections using TQ are a promising approach to treating surmounting viral infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:46:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-41daf56185564b77be29dee388f2c4dd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:46:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-41daf56185564b77be29dee388f2c4dd2023-11-18T20:42:05ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-07-012814543510.3390/molecules28145435Cellular, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Nano-Formulation Aspects of Thymoquinone—A Potent Natural Antiviral AgentAmbreen Shoaib0Shamama Javed1Shadma Wahab2Lubna Azmi3Mohammad Tabish4Muhammad H. Sultan5Karim Abdelsalam6Saad S. Alqahtani7Md Faruque Ahmad8Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaThe goal of an antiviral agent research is to find an antiviral drug that reduces viral growth without harming healthy cells. Transformations of the virus, new viral strain developments, the resistance of viral pathogens, and side effects are the current challenges in terms of discovering antiviral drugs. The time has come and it is now essential to discover a natural antiviral agent that has the potential to destroy viruses without causing resistance or other unintended side effects. The pharmacological potency of thymoquinone (TQ) against different communicable and non-communicable diseases has been proven by various studies, and TQ is considered to be a safe antiviral substitute. Adjunctive immunomodulatory effects in addition to the antiviral potency of TQ makes it a major compound against viral infection through modulating the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, decreasing the cytokine storm, and inhibiting endothelial dysfunction. Nevertheless, TQ’s low oral bioavailability, short half-life, poor water solubility, and conventional formulation are barriers to achieving its optimal pharmacologic benefits. Nano-formulation proposes numerous ways to overcome these obstacles through a small particle size, a big surface area, and a variety of surface modifications. Nano-based pharmaceutical innovations to combat viral infections using TQ are a promising approach to treating surmounting viral infections.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/14/5435clinical trialimmunitymechanismnanotechnologythymoquinonevirus |
| spellingShingle | Ambreen Shoaib Shamama Javed Shadma Wahab Lubna Azmi Mohammad Tabish Muhammad H. Sultan Karim Abdelsalam Saad S. Alqahtani Md Faruque Ahmad Cellular, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Nano-Formulation Aspects of Thymoquinone—A Potent Natural Antiviral Agent Molecules clinical trial immunity mechanism nanotechnology thymoquinone virus |
| title | Cellular, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Nano-Formulation Aspects of Thymoquinone—A Potent Natural Antiviral Agent |
| title_full | Cellular, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Nano-Formulation Aspects of Thymoquinone—A Potent Natural Antiviral Agent |
| title_fullStr | Cellular, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Nano-Formulation Aspects of Thymoquinone—A Potent Natural Antiviral Agent |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cellular, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Nano-Formulation Aspects of Thymoquinone—A Potent Natural Antiviral Agent |
| title_short | Cellular, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Nano-Formulation Aspects of Thymoquinone—A Potent Natural Antiviral Agent |
| title_sort | cellular molecular pharmacological and nano formulation aspects of thymoquinone a potent natural antiviral agent |
| topic | clinical trial immunity mechanism nanotechnology thymoquinone virus |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/14/5435 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ambreenshoaib cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent AT shamamajaved cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent AT shadmawahab cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent AT lubnaazmi cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent AT mohammadtabish cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent AT muhammadhsultan cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent AT karimabdelsalam cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent AT saadsalqahtani cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent AT mdfaruqueahmad cellularmolecularpharmacologicalandnanoformulationaspectsofthymoquinoneapotentnaturalantiviralagent |