Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), also commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by filarial parasites. The disease is transmitted via a bite from infected mosquitoes. The bites of these infected mosquitoes deposit filarial parasites, <i>Wuchereria</i> or <...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/7/333 |
| _version_ | 1797587291770716160 |
|---|---|
| author | Belem Blamwell Matapo Evans Mwila Mpabalwani Patrick Kaonga Martin Chitolongo Simuunza Nathan Bakyaita Freddie Masaninga Namasiku Siyumbwa Seter Siziya Frank Shamilimo Chilweza Muzongwe Enala T. Mwase Chummy Sikalizyo Sikasunge |
| author_facet | Belem Blamwell Matapo Evans Mwila Mpabalwani Patrick Kaonga Martin Chitolongo Simuunza Nathan Bakyaita Freddie Masaninga Namasiku Siyumbwa Seter Siziya Frank Shamilimo Chilweza Muzongwe Enala T. Mwase Chummy Sikalizyo Sikasunge |
| author_sort | Belem Blamwell Matapo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lymphatic filariasis (LF), also commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by filarial parasites. The disease is transmitted via a bite from infected mosquitoes. The bites of these infected mosquitoes deposit filarial parasites, <i>Wuchereria</i> or <i>Brugia</i>, whose predilection site is the lymphatic system. The damage to the lymph system causes swelling in the legs, arms, and genitalia. A mapping survey conducted between 2003 and 2011 determined LF as being endemic in Zambia in 96 out of 116 districts. Elimination of LF is known to be possible by stopping the spread of the infection through large-scale preventive chemotherapy. Therefore, mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) (6 mg/kg) and Albendazole (400 mg) for Zambia has been conducted and implemented in all endemic districts with five effective rounds. In order to determine whether LF prevalence has been sufficiently reduced to levels less than 2% antigenemia and less than 1% microfilaremia, a pre-transmission assessment survey (pre-TAS) was conducted. Therefore, post-MDA pre-TAS was conducted between 2021 and 2022 in 80 districts to determine the LF prevalence. We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study involving 600 participants in each evaluation unit (EU) or each district. The study sites (sentinel and spot-check sites) were from districts that were the implementation units (IUs) of the LF MDA. These included 80 districts from the 9 provinces. A total of 47,235 people from sentinel and spot-check locations were tested. Of these, valid tests were 47,052, of which 27,762 (59%) were females and 19,290 (41%) were males. The survey revealed in the 79/80 endemic districts a prevalence of <i>Wb</i> antigens of 0.14% and 0.0% prevalence of microfilariae. All the surveyed districts had an optimum prevalence of less than 2% for antigenaemia, except for Chibombo district. The majority of participants that tested positive for <i>Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb)</i> Antigens (Ag) were those that had 2, 3, and 4 rounds of MDA. Surprisingly, individuals that had 1 round of MDA were not found to have circulating antigens of <i>Wb.</i> The study showed that all the surveyed districts, except for Chibombo, passed pre-TAS. This further implies that there is a need to conduct transmission assessment surveys (TASs) in these districts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:35:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-41ec08f490dc4720840eaae5b77f1f3f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2414-6366 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:35:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-41ec08f490dc4720840eaae5b77f1f3f2023-11-18T21:38:44ZengMDPI AGTropical Medicine and Infectious Disease2414-63662023-06-018733310.3390/tropicalmed8070333Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in ZambiaBelem Blamwell Matapo0Evans Mwila Mpabalwani1Patrick Kaonga2Martin Chitolongo Simuunza3Nathan Bakyaita4Freddie Masaninga5Namasiku Siyumbwa6Seter Siziya7Frank Shamilimo8Chilweza Muzongwe9Enala T. Mwase10Chummy Sikalizyo Sikasunge11School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka P.O. Box 50516, ZambiaSchool of Medicine, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka P.O. Box 50516, ZambiaSchool of Public Health, University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka P.O. Box 50516, ZambiaSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, ZambiaWorld Health Organization, Corner Andrew Mwenya/Beit Road, Lusaka P.O. Box 32346, ZambiaWorld Health Organization, Corner Andrew Mwenya/Beit Road, Lusaka P.O. Box 32346, ZambiaMinistry of Health Headquarters Ndeke House, Lusaka P.O. Box 30205, ZambiaMichael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola P.O. Box 71191, ZambiaMinistry of Health Headquarters Ndeke House, Lusaka P.O. Box 30205, ZambiaMinistry of Health Headquarters Ndeke House, Lusaka P.O. Box 30205, ZambiaSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, ZambiaSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, ZambiaLymphatic filariasis (LF), also commonly known as elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by filarial parasites. The disease is transmitted via a bite from infected mosquitoes. The bites of these infected mosquitoes deposit filarial parasites, <i>Wuchereria</i> or <i>Brugia</i>, whose predilection site is the lymphatic system. The damage to the lymph system causes swelling in the legs, arms, and genitalia. A mapping survey conducted between 2003 and 2011 determined LF as being endemic in Zambia in 96 out of 116 districts. Elimination of LF is known to be possible by stopping the spread of the infection through large-scale preventive chemotherapy. Therefore, mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) (6 mg/kg) and Albendazole (400 mg) for Zambia has been conducted and implemented in all endemic districts with five effective rounds. In order to determine whether LF prevalence has been sufficiently reduced to levels less than 2% antigenemia and less than 1% microfilaremia, a pre-transmission assessment survey (pre-TAS) was conducted. Therefore, post-MDA pre-TAS was conducted between 2021 and 2022 in 80 districts to determine the LF prevalence. We conducted a cross-sectional seroprevalence study involving 600 participants in each evaluation unit (EU) or each district. The study sites (sentinel and spot-check sites) were from districts that were the implementation units (IUs) of the LF MDA. These included 80 districts from the 9 provinces. A total of 47,235 people from sentinel and spot-check locations were tested. Of these, valid tests were 47,052, of which 27,762 (59%) were females and 19,290 (41%) were males. The survey revealed in the 79/80 endemic districts a prevalence of <i>Wb</i> antigens of 0.14% and 0.0% prevalence of microfilariae. All the surveyed districts had an optimum prevalence of less than 2% for antigenaemia, except for Chibombo district. The majority of participants that tested positive for <i>Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb)</i> Antigens (Ag) were those that had 2, 3, and 4 rounds of MDA. Surprisingly, individuals that had 1 round of MDA were not found to have circulating antigens of <i>Wb.</i> The study showed that all the surveyed districts, except for Chibombo, passed pre-TAS. This further implies that there is a need to conduct transmission assessment surveys (TASs) in these districts.https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/7/333lymphatic filariasispre-TASprevalenceantigenaemiamicrofilariaeZambia |
| spellingShingle | Belem Blamwell Matapo Evans Mwila Mpabalwani Patrick Kaonga Martin Chitolongo Simuunza Nathan Bakyaita Freddie Masaninga Namasiku Siyumbwa Seter Siziya Frank Shamilimo Chilweza Muzongwe Enala T. Mwase Chummy Sikalizyo Sikasunge Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease lymphatic filariasis pre-TAS prevalence antigenaemia microfilariae Zambia |
| title | Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia |
| title_full | Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia |
| title_fullStr | Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia |
| title_short | Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Status: <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> Infections in Human Populations after Five Effective Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Zambia |
| title_sort | lymphatic filariasis elimination status i wuchereria bancrofti i infections in human populations after five effective rounds of mass drug administration in zambia |
| topic | lymphatic filariasis pre-TAS prevalence antigenaemia microfilariae Zambia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/7/333 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT belemblamwellmatapo lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT evansmwilampabalwani lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT patrickkaonga lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT martinchitolongosimuunza lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT nathanbakyaita lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT freddiemasaninga lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT namasikusiyumbwa lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT setersiziya lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT frankshamilimo lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT chilwezamuzongwe lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT enalatmwase lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia AT chummysikalizyosikasunge lymphaticfilariasiseliminationstatusiwuchereriabancroftiiinfectionsinhumanpopulationsafterfiveeffectiveroundsofmassdrugadministrationinzambia |