The Role of Epigenetics in the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Basis for Future Epigenetic Treatments
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is curable when diagnosed at an early stage, but when disease is non-confined it is the urologic cancer with worst prognosis. Antiangiogenic treatment and immune checkpoint inhibition therapy constitute a very promising combined therapy for advanced and metast...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Cancers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2071 |
| _version_ | 1797536373721268224 |
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| author | Javier C. Angulo Claudia Manini Jose I. López Angel Pueyo Begoña Colás Santiago Ropero |
| author_facet | Javier C. Angulo Claudia Manini Jose I. López Angel Pueyo Begoña Colás Santiago Ropero |
| author_sort | Javier C. Angulo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is curable when diagnosed at an early stage, but when disease is non-confined it is the urologic cancer with worst prognosis. Antiangiogenic treatment and immune checkpoint inhibition therapy constitute a very promising combined therapy for advanced and metastatic disease. Many exploratory studies have identified epigenetic markers based on DNA methylation, histone modification, and ncRNA expression that epigenetically regulate gene expression in ccRCC. Additionally, epigenetic modifiers genes have been proposed as promising biomarkers for ccRCC. We review and discuss the current understanding of how epigenetic changes determine the main molecular pathways of ccRCC initiation and progression, and also its clinical implications. Despite the extensive research performed, candidate epigenetic biomarkers are not used in clinical practice for several reasons. However, the accumulated body of evidence of developing epigenetically-based biomarkers will likely allow the identification of ccRCC at a higher risk of progression. That will facilitate the establishment of firmer therapeutic decisions in a changing landscape and also monitor active surveillance in the aging population. What is more, a better knowledge of the activities of chromatin modifiers may serve to develop new therapeutic opportunities. Interesting clinical trials on epigenetic treatments for ccRCC associated with well established antiangiogenic treatments and immune checkpoint inhibitors are revisited. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:58:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-41ed8eaad6d249a29adc4641d81bb448 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:58:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-41ed8eaad6d249a29adc4641d81bb4482023-11-21T17:04:12ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942021-04-01139207110.3390/cancers13092071The Role of Epigenetics in the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Basis for Future Epigenetic TreatmentsJavier C. Angulo0Claudia Manini1Jose I. López2Angel Pueyo3Begoña Colás4Santiago Ropero5Clinical Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28005 Madrid, SpainDepartment of Pathology, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, 10154 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, 48903 Barakaldo, SpainFoundation for Biomedical Research, Innovation of University Hospitals Infanta Leonor and South-East, 28003 Madrid, SpainBiochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, SpainBiochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, SpainClear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is curable when diagnosed at an early stage, but when disease is non-confined it is the urologic cancer with worst prognosis. Antiangiogenic treatment and immune checkpoint inhibition therapy constitute a very promising combined therapy for advanced and metastatic disease. Many exploratory studies have identified epigenetic markers based on DNA methylation, histone modification, and ncRNA expression that epigenetically regulate gene expression in ccRCC. Additionally, epigenetic modifiers genes have been proposed as promising biomarkers for ccRCC. We review and discuss the current understanding of how epigenetic changes determine the main molecular pathways of ccRCC initiation and progression, and also its clinical implications. Despite the extensive research performed, candidate epigenetic biomarkers are not used in clinical practice for several reasons. However, the accumulated body of evidence of developing epigenetically-based biomarkers will likely allow the identification of ccRCC at a higher risk of progression. That will facilitate the establishment of firmer therapeutic decisions in a changing landscape and also monitor active surveillance in the aging population. What is more, a better knowledge of the activities of chromatin modifiers may serve to develop new therapeutic opportunities. Interesting clinical trials on epigenetic treatments for ccRCC associated with well established antiangiogenic treatments and immune checkpoint inhibitors are revisited.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2071renal cell carcinomabiomarkerDNA methylationepigenetics |
| spellingShingle | Javier C. Angulo Claudia Manini Jose I. López Angel Pueyo Begoña Colás Santiago Ropero The Role of Epigenetics in the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Basis for Future Epigenetic Treatments Cancers renal cell carcinoma biomarker DNA methylation epigenetics |
| title | The Role of Epigenetics in the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Basis for Future Epigenetic Treatments |
| title_full | The Role of Epigenetics in the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Basis for Future Epigenetic Treatments |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Epigenetics in the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Basis for Future Epigenetic Treatments |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Epigenetics in the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Basis for Future Epigenetic Treatments |
| title_short | The Role of Epigenetics in the Progression of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Basis for Future Epigenetic Treatments |
| title_sort | role of epigenetics in the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and the basis for future epigenetic treatments |
| topic | renal cell carcinoma biomarker DNA methylation epigenetics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/9/2071 |
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