Dysregulation of Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways during Embryogenesis: A Possible Cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Understanding the autistic brain and the involvement of genetic, non-genetic, and numerous signaling pathways in the etiology and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex, as is evident from various studies. Apart from multiple developmental disorders of the brain, autistic subje...
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/4/958 |
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| author | Jyoti Upadhyay Jeevan Patra Nidhi Tiwari Nilima Salankar Mohd Nazam Ansari Wasim Ahmad |
| author_facet | Jyoti Upadhyay Jeevan Patra Nidhi Tiwari Nilima Salankar Mohd Nazam Ansari Wasim Ahmad |
| author_sort | Jyoti Upadhyay |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Understanding the autistic brain and the involvement of genetic, non-genetic, and numerous signaling pathways in the etiology and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex, as is evident from various studies. Apart from multiple developmental disorders of the brain, autistic subjects show a few characteristics like impairment in social communications related to repetitive, restricted, or stereotypical behavior, which suggests alterations in neuronal circuits caused by defects in various signaling pathways during embryogenesis. Most of the research studies on ASD subjects and genetic models revealed the involvement of mutated genes with alterations of numerous signaling pathways like Wnt, hedgehog, and Retinoic Acid (RA). Despite significant improvement in understanding the pathogenesis and etiology of ASD, there is an increasing awareness related to it as well as a need for more in-depth research because no effective therapy has been developed to address ASD symptoms. Therefore, identifying better therapeutic interventions like “novel drugs for ASD” and biomarkers for early detection and disease condition determination are required. This review article investigated various etiological factors as well as the signaling mechanisms and their alterations to understand ASD pathophysiology. It summarizes the mechanism of signaling pathways, their significance, and implications for ASD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:08:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-41f9b2d899ba4eb0b0c949bfafc62470 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:08:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-41f9b2d899ba4eb0b0c949bfafc624702023-11-21T16:22:57ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092021-04-0110495810.3390/cells10040958Dysregulation of Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways during Embryogenesis: A Possible Cause of Autism Spectrum DisorderJyoti Upadhyay0Jeevan Patra1Nidhi Tiwari2Nilima Salankar3Mohd Nazam Ansari4Wasim Ahmad5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acre Campus Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acre Campus Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, IndiaInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi 110054, IndiaSchool of Computer Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acre Campus Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi ArabiaUnderstanding the autistic brain and the involvement of genetic, non-genetic, and numerous signaling pathways in the etiology and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is complex, as is evident from various studies. Apart from multiple developmental disorders of the brain, autistic subjects show a few characteristics like impairment in social communications related to repetitive, restricted, or stereotypical behavior, which suggests alterations in neuronal circuits caused by defects in various signaling pathways during embryogenesis. Most of the research studies on ASD subjects and genetic models revealed the involvement of mutated genes with alterations of numerous signaling pathways like Wnt, hedgehog, and Retinoic Acid (RA). Despite significant improvement in understanding the pathogenesis and etiology of ASD, there is an increasing awareness related to it as well as a need for more in-depth research because no effective therapy has been developed to address ASD symptoms. Therefore, identifying better therapeutic interventions like “novel drugs for ASD” and biomarkers for early detection and disease condition determination are required. This review article investigated various etiological factors as well as the signaling mechanisms and their alterations to understand ASD pathophysiology. It summarizes the mechanism of signaling pathways, their significance, and implications for ASD.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/4/958autism spectrum disorderAsperger’s syndromeneuropathological alterationshedgehog signaling pathway |
| spellingShingle | Jyoti Upadhyay Jeevan Patra Nidhi Tiwari Nilima Salankar Mohd Nazam Ansari Wasim Ahmad Dysregulation of Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways during Embryogenesis: A Possible Cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder Cells autism spectrum disorder Asperger’s syndrome neuropathological alterations hedgehog signaling pathway |
| title | Dysregulation of Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways during Embryogenesis: A Possible Cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_full | Dysregulation of Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways during Embryogenesis: A Possible Cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_fullStr | Dysregulation of Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways during Embryogenesis: A Possible Cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dysregulation of Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways during Embryogenesis: A Possible Cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_short | Dysregulation of Multiple Signaling Neurodevelopmental Pathways during Embryogenesis: A Possible Cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| title_sort | dysregulation of multiple signaling neurodevelopmental pathways during embryogenesis a possible cause of autism spectrum disorder |
| topic | autism spectrum disorder Asperger’s syndrome neuropathological alterations hedgehog signaling pathway |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/4/958 |
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