Effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in Kenya
Bacterial microbes play a vital role in the nutrition and health of birds. Food passaging through the gastrointestinal tract of poultry favored microflora that have rapid growth and can adhering to the mucosal wall. The caeca are ideal habitats for diverse bacteria with effect on the host nutrition...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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AIMS Press
2021-04-01
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| Series: | AIMS Molecular Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/molsci.2021008?viewType=HTML |
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| author | Viviana Imbua Levi Enoka Gideon Mutie Kikuvi Perpetual Wangui Ndung'u |
| author_facet | Viviana Imbua Levi Enoka Gideon Mutie Kikuvi Perpetual Wangui Ndung'u |
| author_sort | Viviana Imbua Levi Enoka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bacterial microbes play a vital role in the nutrition and health of birds. Food passaging through the gastrointestinal tract of poultry favored microflora that have rapid growth and can adhering to the mucosal wall. The caeca are ideal habitats for diverse bacteria with effect on the host nutrition and health. Antibiotics in poultry for therapeutic and as growth promotor can decrease the number of most susceptible bacterial communities and enhance the growth of resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on the intestinal microflora of Rainbow Rooster Indigenous Chicken in Kenya in which a total of 18 chickens were used with 2 chickens drawn from each of the 9 groups and both caecum and jejunum content sampled with a total of 36 samples. The chickens were treated with Chitosan and Aqueous extracts of Garlic and Onion (CHIAGO), Chitosan with total Phenol, Ajoene rich extract (CHITPA) nanoparticles, and Chitosan Solution (CHISOLN) all at 5% and 10% and 1 g and 0.5 g Fosbac (Antibiotic) were applied orally to the chickens twice a week for 8 weeks. About 1.5 g of caecum and jejunum contents for micro-organisms <italic>Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi)</italic>, <italic>Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Bifidobactreum bifidium (B. bifidium) from</italic> caecum and <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> from jejunum were analyzed at 8<sup>th</sup> week of the treatment using conventional PCR to optimize bacteria 16S rRNA gene specific bands and qPCR for the 16S rRNA gene copy numbers was determined. <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic>, <italic>E. coli , S. typhi, C. jejuni from</italic> caecum and <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> from jejunum indicated specific bands in 1.2% agarose gel. The qPCR revealed primers efficiency in most of the assay with exception of the jejunum <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> assay. There was a significant differences among the treatments for <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001), <italic>E. coli</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001), <italic>S. typhi</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001), <italic>C. jejuni</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.1059) in caecum and jejunum <italic>L. acidophilus at</italic> (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.0001) for 16S rRNA gene copy numbers µg/µl DNA in 1.5 g of caecum and jejunum content. The results indicated normal percentage for caecum <italic>L. acidophilus to</italic> jejunium <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> at 96.65–87.63%, 90.27% to 35% was shown in <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> to <italic>E. coli, L. acidophilus</italic> to <italic>C. jejuni</italic> was 99.97% to 95.94% and low percentage of <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> to <italic>S. typhi</italic> 16S rRNA gene copy numbers after the treatment with CHITPA and CHIAGO. Garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles prepared revealed the presence of selected commensal bacteria and acceptable percentage for caecum <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> to <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>C. jejuni</italic> in intestine of Rainbow Rooster Chicken. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:36:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-41faf0399ecb4450b6b9b2437b496801 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2372-0301 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:36:34Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | AIMS Press |
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| series | AIMS Molecular Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-41faf0399ecb4450b6b9b2437b4968012022-12-22T02:14:43ZengAIMS PressAIMS Molecular Science2372-03012021-04-01829811610.3934/molsci.2021008Effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in KenyaViviana Imbua Levi Enoka 0Gideon Mutie Kikuvi 1Perpetual Wangui Ndung'u21. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University, Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya2. Department of Environmental Health and Disease Control, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya3. Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, KenyaBacterial microbes play a vital role in the nutrition and health of birds. Food passaging through the gastrointestinal tract of poultry favored microflora that have rapid growth and can adhering to the mucosal wall. The caeca are ideal habitats for diverse bacteria with effect on the host nutrition and health. Antibiotics in poultry for therapeutic and as growth promotor can decrease the number of most susceptible bacterial communities and enhance the growth of resistant bacteria. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on the intestinal microflora of Rainbow Rooster Indigenous Chicken in Kenya in which a total of 18 chickens were used with 2 chickens drawn from each of the 9 groups and both caecum and jejunum content sampled with a total of 36 samples. The chickens were treated with Chitosan and Aqueous extracts of Garlic and Onion (CHIAGO), Chitosan with total Phenol, Ajoene rich extract (CHITPA) nanoparticles, and Chitosan Solution (CHISOLN) all at 5% and 10% and 1 g and 0.5 g Fosbac (Antibiotic) were applied orally to the chickens twice a week for 8 weeks. About 1.5 g of caecum and jejunum contents for micro-organisms <italic>Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi)</italic>, <italic>Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Bifidobactreum bifidium (B. bifidium) from</italic> caecum and <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> from jejunum were analyzed at 8<sup>th</sup> week of the treatment using conventional PCR to optimize bacteria 16S rRNA gene specific bands and qPCR for the 16S rRNA gene copy numbers was determined. <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic>, <italic>E. coli , S. typhi, C. jejuni from</italic> caecum and <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> from jejunum indicated specific bands in 1.2% agarose gel. The qPCR revealed primers efficiency in most of the assay with exception of the jejunum <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> assay. There was a significant differences among the treatments for <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001), <italic>E. coli</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001), <italic>S. typhi</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.0001), <italic>C. jejuni</italic> (<italic>p</italic> < 0.1059) in caecum and jejunum <italic>L. acidophilus at</italic> (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.0001) for 16S rRNA gene copy numbers µg/µl DNA in 1.5 g of caecum and jejunum content. The results indicated normal percentage for caecum <italic>L. acidophilus to</italic> jejunium <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> at 96.65–87.63%, 90.27% to 35% was shown in <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> to <italic>E. coli, L. acidophilus</italic> to <italic>C. jejuni</italic> was 99.97% to 95.94% and low percentage of <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> to <italic>S. typhi</italic> 16S rRNA gene copy numbers after the treatment with CHITPA and CHIAGO. Garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles prepared revealed the presence of selected commensal bacteria and acceptable percentage for caecum <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> to <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>C. jejuni</italic> in intestine of Rainbow Rooster Chicken.http://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/molsci.2021008?viewType=HTMLchitosangarlic and onion extractintestinal bacterial floraindigenous rainbow rooster chicken |
| spellingShingle | Viviana Imbua Levi Enoka Gideon Mutie Kikuvi Perpetual Wangui Ndung'u Effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in Kenya AIMS Molecular Science chitosan garlic and onion extract intestinal bacterial flora indigenous rainbow rooster chicken |
| title | Effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in Kenya |
| title_full | Effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in Kenya |
| title_fullStr | Effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in Kenya |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in Kenya |
| title_short | Effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in Kenya |
| title_sort | effect of garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles on selected intestinal bacterial flora in indigenous rainbow rooster chicken in kenya |
| topic | chitosan garlic and onion extract intestinal bacterial flora indigenous rainbow rooster chicken |
| url | http://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/molsci.2021008?viewType=HTML |
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