Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration compared
In tissues characterized by a high turnover or following acute injury, regeneration replaces damaged cells and is involved in adaptation to external cues, leading to homeostasis of many tissues during adult life. An understanding of the mechanics underlying tissue regeneration is highly re...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
EDP Sciences
2013-01-01
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| Series: | Regenerative Medicine Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.regenmedres-journal.org/articles/rmr/pdf/2013/01/rmr-2013-1-4.pdf |
| _version_ | 1818837519336210432 |
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| author | Coletti Dario Teodori Laura Lin Zhenlin Beranudin Jean Francois Adamo Sergio |
| author_facet | Coletti Dario Teodori Laura Lin Zhenlin Beranudin Jean Francois Adamo Sergio |
| author_sort | Coletti Dario |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In tissues characterized by a high turnover or following acute injury, regeneration replaces damaged cells and is
involved in adaptation to external cues, leading to homeostasis of many tissues during adult life. An understanding
of the mechanics underlying tissue regeneration is highly relevant to regenerative medicine-based interventions. In
order to investigate the existence a leitmotif of tissue regeneration, we compared the cellular aspects of
regeneration of skin, nerve and skeletal muscle, three organs characterized by different types of anatomical and
functional organization. Epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that migrates from the edge of the wound
on the underlying dermis to rebuild lost tissue. Peripheral neurons are elongated cells whose neurites are organized
in bundles, within an endoneurium of connective tissue; they either die upon injury or undergo remodeling and
axon regrowth. Skeletal muscle is characterized by elongated syncytial cells, i.e. muscle fibers, that can temporarily
survive in broken pieces; satellite cells residing along the fibers form new fibers, which ultimately fuse with the old
ones as well as with each other to restore the previous organization. Satellite cell asymmetrical division grants a
reservoir of undifferentiated cells, while other stem cell populations of muscle and non-muscle origin participate in
muscle renewal. Following damage, all the tissues analyzed here go through three phases: inflammation,
regeneration and maturation. Another common feature is the occurrence of cellular de-differentiation and/or
differentiation events, including gene transcription, which are typical of embryonic development. Nonetheless,
various strategies are used by different tissues to replace their lost parts. The epidermis regenerates ex novo,
whereas neurons restore their missing parts; muscle fibers use a mixed strategy, based on the regrowth of missing
parts through reconstruction by means of newborn fibers. The choice of either strategy is influenced by the
anatomical, physical and chemical features of the cells as well as by the extracellular matrix typical of a given tissue,
which points to the existence of differential, evolutionary-based mechanisms for specific tissue regeneration. The
shared, ordered sequence of steps that characterize the regeneration processes examined suggests it may be
possible to model this extremely important phenomenon to reproduce multicellular organisms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T03:23:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-420c57b7d1ab45fa9555b85eb1922a07 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2050-490X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T03:23:47Z |
| publishDate | 2013-01-01 |
| publisher | EDP Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Regenerative Medicine Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-420c57b7d1ab45fa9555b85eb1922a072022-12-21T20:37:42ZengEDP SciencesRegenerative Medicine Research2050-490X2013-01-011410.1186/2050-490X-1-4rmr-2013-1-4Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration comparedColetti DarioTeodori LauraLin ZhenlinBeranudin Jean FrancoisAdamo SergioIn tissues characterized by a high turnover or following acute injury, regeneration replaces damaged cells and is involved in adaptation to external cues, leading to homeostasis of many tissues during adult life. An understanding of the mechanics underlying tissue regeneration is highly relevant to regenerative medicine-based interventions. In order to investigate the existence a leitmotif of tissue regeneration, we compared the cellular aspects of regeneration of skin, nerve and skeletal muscle, three organs characterized by different types of anatomical and functional organization. Epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that migrates from the edge of the wound on the underlying dermis to rebuild lost tissue. Peripheral neurons are elongated cells whose neurites are organized in bundles, within an endoneurium of connective tissue; they either die upon injury or undergo remodeling and axon regrowth. Skeletal muscle is characterized by elongated syncytial cells, i.e. muscle fibers, that can temporarily survive in broken pieces; satellite cells residing along the fibers form new fibers, which ultimately fuse with the old ones as well as with each other to restore the previous organization. Satellite cell asymmetrical division grants a reservoir of undifferentiated cells, while other stem cell populations of muscle and non-muscle origin participate in muscle renewal. Following damage, all the tissues analyzed here go through three phases: inflammation, regeneration and maturation. Another common feature is the occurrence of cellular de-differentiation and/or differentiation events, including gene transcription, which are typical of embryonic development. Nonetheless, various strategies are used by different tissues to replace their lost parts. The epidermis regenerates ex novo, whereas neurons restore their missing parts; muscle fibers use a mixed strategy, based on the regrowth of missing parts through reconstruction by means of newborn fibers. The choice of either strategy is influenced by the anatomical, physical and chemical features of the cells as well as by the extracellular matrix typical of a given tissue, which points to the existence of differential, evolutionary-based mechanisms for specific tissue regeneration. The shared, ordered sequence of steps that characterize the regeneration processes examined suggests it may be possible to model this extremely important phenomenon to reproduce multicellular organisms.https://www.regenmedres-journal.org/articles/rmr/pdf/2013/01/rmr-2013-1-4.pdfDamageNecrosisRegenerationDifferentiationEpithelial tissueNervous tissueSkeletal muscle tissueSkin scarStem cellsExtra cellular matrix |
| spellingShingle | Coletti Dario Teodori Laura Lin Zhenlin Beranudin Jean Francois Adamo Sergio Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration compared Regenerative Medicine Research Damage Necrosis Regeneration Differentiation Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue Skeletal muscle tissue Skin scar Stem cells Extra cellular matrix |
| title | Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration compared |
| title_full | Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration compared |
| title_fullStr | Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration compared |
| title_full_unstemmed | Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration compared |
| title_short | Restoration versus reconstruction: cellular mechanisms of skin, nerve and muscle regeneration compared |
| title_sort | restoration versus reconstruction cellular mechanisms of skin nerve and muscle regeneration compared |
| topic | Damage Necrosis Regeneration Differentiation Epithelial tissue Nervous tissue Skeletal muscle tissue Skin scar Stem cells Extra cellular matrix |
| url | https://www.regenmedres-journal.org/articles/rmr/pdf/2013/01/rmr-2013-1-4.pdf |
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