Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers
Climate change affects snowpack properties indirectly through the greater need for artificial snow production for ski centers. The seasonal snowpacks at five ski centers in Central Slovakia were examined over the course of three winter seasons to identify and compare the seasonal development and int...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/12/3563 |
| _version_ | 1797544197566234624 |
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| author | Michal Mikloš Jaroslav Skvarenina Martin Jančo Jana Skvareninova |
| author_facet | Michal Mikloš Jaroslav Skvarenina Martin Jančo Jana Skvareninova |
| author_sort | Michal Mikloš |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Climate change affects snowpack properties indirectly through the greater need for artificial snow production for ski centers. The seasonal snowpacks at five ski centers in Central Slovakia were examined over the course of three winter seasons to identify and compare the seasonal development and inter-seasonal and spatial variability of depth average snow density of ski piste snow and uncompacted natural snow. The spatial variability in the ski piste snow density was analyzed in relation to the snow depth and snow lances at the Košútka ski center using GIS. A special snow tube for high-density snowpack sampling was developed (named the MM snow tube) and tested against the commonly used VS-43 snow tube. Measurements showed that the MM snow tube was constructed appropriately and had comparable precision. Significant differences in mean snow density were identified for the studied snow types. The similar rates of increase for the densities of the ski piste snow and uncompacted natural snow suggested that the key density differences stem from the artificial (machine-made) versus natural snow versus processes after and not densification due to snow grooming machines and skiers, which was relevant only for ski piste snow. The ski piste snow density increased on slope with decreasing snow depth (18 kg/m³ per each 10 cm), while snow depth decreased 2 cm per each meter from the center of snow lances. Mean three seasons maximal measured density of ski piste snow was 917 ± 58 kg/m³ the density of ice. This study increases the understanding of the snowpack development processes in a manipulated mountainous environment through examinations of temporal and spatial variability in snow densities and an investigation into the development of natural and ski piste snow densities over the winter season. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:57:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-420dc78a1b0741fb9d730dd35dabdeec |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:57:00Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-420dc78a1b0741fb9d730dd35dabdeec2023-11-21T01:33:14ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-12-011212356310.3390/w12123563Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski CentersMichal Mikloš0Jaroslav Skvarenina1Martin Jančo2Jana Skvareninova3Department of Natural Environment, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, SlovakiaDepartment of Natural Environment, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, SlovakiaInstitute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, SlovakiaFaculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, SlovakiaClimate change affects snowpack properties indirectly through the greater need for artificial snow production for ski centers. The seasonal snowpacks at five ski centers in Central Slovakia were examined over the course of three winter seasons to identify and compare the seasonal development and inter-seasonal and spatial variability of depth average snow density of ski piste snow and uncompacted natural snow. The spatial variability in the ski piste snow density was analyzed in relation to the snow depth and snow lances at the Košútka ski center using GIS. A special snow tube for high-density snowpack sampling was developed (named the MM snow tube) and tested against the commonly used VS-43 snow tube. Measurements showed that the MM snow tube was constructed appropriately and had comparable precision. Significant differences in mean snow density were identified for the studied snow types. The similar rates of increase for the densities of the ski piste snow and uncompacted natural snow suggested that the key density differences stem from the artificial (machine-made) versus natural snow versus processes after and not densification due to snow grooming machines and skiers, which was relevant only for ski piste snow. The ski piste snow density increased on slope with decreasing snow depth (18 kg/m³ per each 10 cm), while snow depth decreased 2 cm per each meter from the center of snow lances. Mean three seasons maximal measured density of ski piste snow was 917 ± 58 kg/m³ the density of ice. This study increases the understanding of the snowpack development processes in a manipulated mountainous environment through examinations of temporal and spatial variability in snow densities and an investigation into the development of natural and ski piste snow densities over the winter season.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/12/3563snow densitysnow tubetechnologyartificial snowski slopepiste |
| spellingShingle | Michal Mikloš Jaroslav Skvarenina Martin Jančo Jana Skvareninova Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers Water snow density snow tube technology artificial snow ski slope piste |
| title | Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers |
| title_full | Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers |
| title_fullStr | Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers |
| title_short | Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers |
| title_sort | density of seasonal snow in the mountainous environment of five slovak ski centers |
| topic | snow density snow tube technology artificial snow ski slope piste |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/12/3563 |
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