Rockfall Modelling in Forested Areas: The Role of Digital Terrain Model Grid Cell Size
This article examines how digital terrain model (DTM) grid cell size influences rockfall modelling using a probabilistic process-based model, Rockyfor3D, while taking into account the effect of forest on rockfall propagation and runout area. Two rockfall sites in the Trenta valley, NW Slovenia, were...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/4/1461 |
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| author | Barbara Žabota Matjaž Mikoš Milan Kobal |
| author_facet | Barbara Žabota Matjaž Mikoš Milan Kobal |
| author_sort | Barbara Žabota |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This article examines how digital terrain model (DTM) grid cell size influences rockfall modelling using a probabilistic process-based model, Rockyfor3D, while taking into account the effect of forest on rockfall propagation and runout area. Two rockfall sites in the Trenta valley, NW Slovenia, were chosen as a case study. The analysis included DTM square grid cell sizes of 1, 2, 5, and 10 m, which were extracted from LiDAR data. In the paper, we compared results of rockfall propagation and runout areas, maximum kinetic energy, and maximum passing height between different grid cell sizes and forest/no forest scenario, namely by using goodness-of-fit indices (average index, success index, distance to the perfect classification, true skill statistics). The results show that the accuracy of the modelled shape of rockfall propagation and runout area decreases with larger DTM grid cell sizes. The forest has the important effect of reducing the rockfall propagation only at DTM1 and DTM2 and only if the distance between the source area and forest is large enough. Higher deviations of the maximum kinetic energy are present at DTMs with larger grid cell size, while differences are smaller at more DTMs with smaller grid cell sizes. Maximum passing height varies the most at DTM1 in the forest scenario, while at other DTMs, it does not experience larger deviations in the two scenarios. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:29:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-42404b1b498848db9466393969663b6d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:29:10Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-42404b1b498848db9466393969663b6d2023-12-03T12:34:03ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-02-01114146110.3390/app11041461Rockfall Modelling in Forested Areas: The Role of Digital Terrain Model Grid Cell SizeBarbara Žabota0Matjaž Mikoš1Milan Kobal2Department of Forestry and Forest Renewable Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Environmental Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Jamova cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Forestry and Forest Renewable Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaThis article examines how digital terrain model (DTM) grid cell size influences rockfall modelling using a probabilistic process-based model, Rockyfor3D, while taking into account the effect of forest on rockfall propagation and runout area. Two rockfall sites in the Trenta valley, NW Slovenia, were chosen as a case study. The analysis included DTM square grid cell sizes of 1, 2, 5, and 10 m, which were extracted from LiDAR data. In the paper, we compared results of rockfall propagation and runout areas, maximum kinetic energy, and maximum passing height between different grid cell sizes and forest/no forest scenario, namely by using goodness-of-fit indices (average index, success index, distance to the perfect classification, true skill statistics). The results show that the accuracy of the modelled shape of rockfall propagation and runout area decreases with larger DTM grid cell sizes. The forest has the important effect of reducing the rockfall propagation only at DTM1 and DTM2 and only if the distance between the source area and forest is large enough. Higher deviations of the maximum kinetic energy are present at DTMs with larger grid cell size, while differences are smaller at more DTMs with smaller grid cell sizes. Maximum passing height varies the most at DTM1 in the forest scenario, while at other DTMs, it does not experience larger deviations in the two scenarios.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/4/1461rockfallhazardmodellingDTMLiDARforest |
| spellingShingle | Barbara Žabota Matjaž Mikoš Milan Kobal Rockfall Modelling in Forested Areas: The Role of Digital Terrain Model Grid Cell Size Applied Sciences rockfall hazard modelling DTM LiDAR forest |
| title | Rockfall Modelling in Forested Areas: The Role of Digital Terrain Model Grid Cell Size |
| title_full | Rockfall Modelling in Forested Areas: The Role of Digital Terrain Model Grid Cell Size |
| title_fullStr | Rockfall Modelling in Forested Areas: The Role of Digital Terrain Model Grid Cell Size |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rockfall Modelling in Forested Areas: The Role of Digital Terrain Model Grid Cell Size |
| title_short | Rockfall Modelling in Forested Areas: The Role of Digital Terrain Model Grid Cell Size |
| title_sort | rockfall modelling in forested areas the role of digital terrain model grid cell size |
| topic | rockfall hazard modelling DTM LiDAR forest |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/4/1461 |
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