Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia
Aquaculture is one of the main drivers of mangrove loss across Southeast Asian countries. The conversion of mangroves to aquaculture generates substantial loss of carbon stocks and reduces carbon storage capacity. Here, we present total ecosystem carbon stocks (TECS), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methan...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2024.1340531/full |
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| author | Milkah Royna Milkah Royna Daniel Murdiyarso Daniel Murdiyarso Sigit D. Sasmito Sigit D. Sasmito Desra Arriyadi Joeni Setijo Rahajoe Mufidah Ghina Zahro Trialaksita Sari Priska Ardhani Trialaksita Sari Priska Ardhani |
| author_facet | Milkah Royna Milkah Royna Daniel Murdiyarso Daniel Murdiyarso Sigit D. Sasmito Sigit D. Sasmito Desra Arriyadi Joeni Setijo Rahajoe Mufidah Ghina Zahro Trialaksita Sari Priska Ardhani Trialaksita Sari Priska Ardhani |
| author_sort | Milkah Royna |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aquaculture is one of the main drivers of mangrove loss across Southeast Asian countries. The conversion of mangroves to aquaculture generates substantial loss of carbon stocks and reduces carbon storage capacity. Here, we present total ecosystem carbon stocks (TECS), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) effluxes obtained from mangrove forests (fringe and interior mangroves), silvofishery aquaculture ponds (dense and sparse mangroves), and non-silvofishery aquaculture ponds in Sawah Luhur, Banten, Indonesia. We found no significant difference in TECS across five land uses, ranging from 261 ± 14 Mg C ha-1 in non-silvofishery ponds to 574 ± 119 Mg C ha-1 in fringe mangroves. Most of these stocks were found in the soil carbon pool (87%) in fringe and interior mangroves. However, the conversion of mangroves to aquaculture ponds resulted in soil carbon loss from -6% to 60%. The highest soil CO2 effluxes during dry and wet seasons were observed in interior mangroves (151 ± 12 mg CO2 m-2 h-1). The highest soil CH4 effluxes were found in fringe mangroves with 0.13 ± 0.04 mg CH4 m-2 h-1. The highest aquatic CO2 and CH4 effluxes were found in dense silvofishery ponds, at 118 ± 7 mg CO2 m-2 h-1 and 0.38 ± 0.04 mg CH4 m-2 h-1, respectively. Our findings suggest that land use that includes mangroves (i.e., mangrove forest and/or silvofishery ponds) tends to have higher carbon stocks, soil, and aquatic CO2 and CH4 effluxes, compared to aquaculture ponds without mangroves. It is therefore crucial to maintain mangroves for natural carbon capture and storage through carbon stock enhancement. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:38:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4240e0d4b3d0421cb00aeff44110d35a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-701X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T21:38:24Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj.art-4240e0d4b3d0421cb00aeff44110d35a2024-02-26T10:49:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution2296-701X2024-02-011210.3389/fevo.2024.13405311340531Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, IndonesiaMilkah Royna0Milkah Royna1Daniel Murdiyarso2Daniel Murdiyarso3Sigit D. Sasmito4Sigit D. Sasmito5Desra Arriyadi6Joeni Setijo Rahajoe7Mufidah Ghina Zahro8Trialaksita Sari Priska Ardhani9Trialaksita Sari Priska Ardhani10Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, IndonesiaCenter for International Forestry Research – World Agroforestry (CIFOR – ICRAF), Bogor, IndonesiaDepartment of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, IndonesiaCenter for International Forestry Research – World Agroforestry (CIFOR – ICRAF), Bogor, IndonesiaCenter for International Forestry Research – World Agroforestry (CIFOR – ICRAF), Bogor, IndonesiaNUS Environment Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporeDepartment of Research and Development, PT Rimba Makmur Utama, Sampit, IndonesiaResearch Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, West Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, IndonesiaDepartment of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, IndonesiaCenter for International Forestry Research – World Agroforestry (CIFOR – ICRAF), Bogor, IndonesiaAquaculture is one of the main drivers of mangrove loss across Southeast Asian countries. The conversion of mangroves to aquaculture generates substantial loss of carbon stocks and reduces carbon storage capacity. Here, we present total ecosystem carbon stocks (TECS), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) effluxes obtained from mangrove forests (fringe and interior mangroves), silvofishery aquaculture ponds (dense and sparse mangroves), and non-silvofishery aquaculture ponds in Sawah Luhur, Banten, Indonesia. We found no significant difference in TECS across five land uses, ranging from 261 ± 14 Mg C ha-1 in non-silvofishery ponds to 574 ± 119 Mg C ha-1 in fringe mangroves. Most of these stocks were found in the soil carbon pool (87%) in fringe and interior mangroves. However, the conversion of mangroves to aquaculture ponds resulted in soil carbon loss from -6% to 60%. The highest soil CO2 effluxes during dry and wet seasons were observed in interior mangroves (151 ± 12 mg CO2 m-2 h-1). The highest soil CH4 effluxes were found in fringe mangroves with 0.13 ± 0.04 mg CH4 m-2 h-1. The highest aquatic CO2 and CH4 effluxes were found in dense silvofishery ponds, at 118 ± 7 mg CO2 m-2 h-1 and 0.38 ± 0.04 mg CH4 m-2 h-1, respectively. Our findings suggest that land use that includes mangroves (i.e., mangrove forest and/or silvofishery ponds) tends to have higher carbon stocks, soil, and aquatic CO2 and CH4 effluxes, compared to aquaculture ponds without mangroves. It is therefore crucial to maintain mangroves for natural carbon capture and storage through carbon stock enhancement.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2024.1340531/fullcarbon stockCH4 effluxCO2 effluxconverted mangrovesilvofishery pond |
| spellingShingle | Milkah Royna Milkah Royna Daniel Murdiyarso Daniel Murdiyarso Sigit D. Sasmito Sigit D. Sasmito Desra Arriyadi Joeni Setijo Rahajoe Mufidah Ghina Zahro Trialaksita Sari Priska Ardhani Trialaksita Sari Priska Ardhani Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution carbon stock CH4 efflux CO2 efflux converted mangrove silvofishery pond |
| title | Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia |
| title_full | Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia |
| title_fullStr | Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia |
| title_short | Carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture: a case study from Banten province, Indonesia |
| title_sort | carbon stocks and effluxes in mangroves converted into aquaculture a case study from banten province indonesia |
| topic | carbon stock CH4 efflux CO2 efflux converted mangrove silvofishery pond |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2024.1340531/full |
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