Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in <i>Citrus</i> and Related Genera
Background: Anthocyanin pigmentation characterizes a number of tissues of <i>Citrus</i> and its relatives. The gain and loss of pigmentation is intriguing and is inherited variously among species. Methods: <i>Citrus</i> germplasm was used to investigate the anthocyanin pigmen...
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Genes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/7/807 |
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| author | Chiara Catalano Angelo Ciacciulli Fabrizio Salonia Maria Patrizia Russo Paola Caruso Marco Caruso Giuseppe Russo Gaetano Distefano Concetta Licciardello |
| author_facet | Chiara Catalano Angelo Ciacciulli Fabrizio Salonia Maria Patrizia Russo Paola Caruso Marco Caruso Giuseppe Russo Gaetano Distefano Concetta Licciardello |
| author_sort | Chiara Catalano |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Anthocyanin pigmentation characterizes a number of tissues of <i>Citrus</i> and its relatives. The gain and loss of pigmentation is intriguing and is inherited variously among species. Methods: <i>Citrus</i> germplasm was used to investigate the anthocyanin pigmentation of tissues never before considered, including stamen, style and stigma, and of young leaves, petals, rind and flesh of 28 genotypes belonging to 14 species. <i>Citrus</i> genotypes encompassed citron, lemon, sweet orange, lime, and <i>Citrus</i> relatives included <i>Microcitrus</i>, <i>Murraya</i>, and <i>Severinia</i>. A relative qRT-PCR analysis was carried out on the structural and regulatory genes: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3′-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), uridine diphosphate glucose flavonoid glucosyl-transferase (UFGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), Ruby and Noemi. Image analysis and a genomic approach were employed to evaluate how the red pigmentation is inherited among tissues and species. Results: Pigmentation of young leaves and petals is specific to citron and its hybrids. Ruby controls the pigmentation of petals, but not of leaves. The red color of the rind and flesh is a trait that particularly characterizes a diversity of sweet oranges, citron hybrids and <i>Citrus</i> relatives. Color expression depends on external factors and also on developmental stage. The coloration of stamen and style is citron-specific, while a red stigma is exclusive to Moro orange and its hybrids. Conclusion: It is hypothesized that there is a relationship among <i>Citrus</i> species and genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:26:33Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj.art-4241613b42464272aa684421f4cda6c02023-11-20T06:57:25ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252020-07-0111780710.3390/genes11070807Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in <i>Citrus</i> and Related GeneraChiara Catalano0Angelo Ciacciulli1Fabrizio Salonia2Maria Patrizia Russo3Paola Caruso4Marco Caruso5Giuseppe Russo6Gaetano Distefano7Concetta Licciardello8CREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, ItalyCREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, ItalyCREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, ItalyCREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, ItalyCREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, ItalyCREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, ItalyCREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, ItalyDepartment of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, ItalyCREA, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, ItalyBackground: Anthocyanin pigmentation characterizes a number of tissues of <i>Citrus</i> and its relatives. The gain and loss of pigmentation is intriguing and is inherited variously among species. Methods: <i>Citrus</i> germplasm was used to investigate the anthocyanin pigmentation of tissues never before considered, including stamen, style and stigma, and of young leaves, petals, rind and flesh of 28 genotypes belonging to 14 species. <i>Citrus</i> genotypes encompassed citron, lemon, sweet orange, lime, and <i>Citrus</i> relatives included <i>Microcitrus</i>, <i>Murraya</i>, and <i>Severinia</i>. A relative qRT-PCR analysis was carried out on the structural and regulatory genes: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3′-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), uridine diphosphate glucose flavonoid glucosyl-transferase (UFGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), Ruby and Noemi. Image analysis and a genomic approach were employed to evaluate how the red pigmentation is inherited among tissues and species. Results: Pigmentation of young leaves and petals is specific to citron and its hybrids. Ruby controls the pigmentation of petals, but not of leaves. The red color of the rind and flesh is a trait that particularly characterizes a diversity of sweet oranges, citron hybrids and <i>Citrus</i> relatives. Color expression depends on external factors and also on developmental stage. The coloration of stamen and style is citron-specific, while a red stigma is exclusive to Moro orange and its hybrids. Conclusion: It is hypothesized that there is a relationship among <i>Citrus</i> species and genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/7/807red color<i>Citrus</i>fruitstamenstigmastyle |
| spellingShingle | Chiara Catalano Angelo Ciacciulli Fabrizio Salonia Maria Patrizia Russo Paola Caruso Marco Caruso Giuseppe Russo Gaetano Distefano Concetta Licciardello Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in <i>Citrus</i> and Related Genera Genes red color <i>Citrus</i> fruit stamen stigma style |
| title | Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in <i>Citrus</i> and Related Genera |
| title_full | Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in <i>Citrus</i> and Related Genera |
| title_fullStr | Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in <i>Citrus</i> and Related Genera |
| title_full_unstemmed | Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in <i>Citrus</i> and Related Genera |
| title_short | Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in <i>Citrus</i> and Related Genera |
| title_sort | target genes reveal species and genotypic specificity of anthocyanin pigmentation in i citrus i and related genera |
| topic | red color <i>Citrus</i> fruit stamen stigma style |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/11/7/807 |
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