Solar Water Heating Systems Applied to High-Rise Buildings—Lessons from Experiences in China
High-rise buildings have a significant impact on the surrounding environment. Building-integrated solar water heating (SWH) systems are effective ways to use renewable energy in buildings. Impediments, such as security concerns, aesthetics and functionality, make it difficult to apply SWH systems in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-08-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/16/3078 |
| _version_ | 1798038694796460032 |
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| author | Junpeng Huang Jianhua Fan Simon Furbo Liqun Li |
| author_facet | Junpeng Huang Jianhua Fan Simon Furbo Liqun Li |
| author_sort | Junpeng Huang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | High-rise buildings have a significant impact on the surrounding environment. Building-integrated solar water heating (SWH) systems are effective ways to use renewable energy in buildings. Impediments, such as security concerns, aesthetics and functionality, make it difficult to apply SWH systems in high-rise buildings. At present, only China uses SWH systems on a large scale in such buildings. What are China’s experiences and lessons learned in applying SWH systems in high-rises? Are these experiences scalable to other countries? This study used a combination of field investigation, literature review and case study to summarize 36 systems that had been in operation for 1−14 years. System types, collector types, installation methods, types of auxiliary heat sources, economic performance and various basic principles were summarized. The economic performance of SWH systems in high-rise buildings was analyzed and verified by a case study in Shanghai. The results show that the installation of SWH systems in high-rise buildings is feasible and reliable. Individual household systems (61%) were more popular than centralized systems (25%) and hybrid systems account (14%). The average area of solar collectors per household was 2.17 m<sup>2</sup>/household, the average design solar fraction was 52%. Flat plate solar collectors (53%) was the most commonly used collector, while electric heating elements (89%) were the most common auxiliary heat sources for SWH systems, followed by gas water heaters and air source heat pumps. The cost of SWH systems per m<sup>2</sup> of a building area was between 22 CNY/m<sup>2</sup> to 75 CNY/m<sup>2</sup>. China’s unique practical experience gives a reference for other countries in their efforts to make high-rise buildings more sustainable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T21:43:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-428a5adf65754591b246e1262197d209 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T21:43:41Z |
| publishDate | 2019-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-428a5adf65754591b246e1262197d2092022-12-22T04:01:28ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732019-08-011216307810.3390/en12163078en12163078Solar Water Heating Systems Applied to High-Rise Buildings—Lessons from Experiences in ChinaJunpeng Huang0Jianhua Fan1Simon Furbo2Liqun Li3Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Copenhagen, DenmarkShanghai Sanxiang impression co., Ltd., Shanghai 200434, ChinaHigh-rise buildings have a significant impact on the surrounding environment. Building-integrated solar water heating (SWH) systems are effective ways to use renewable energy in buildings. Impediments, such as security concerns, aesthetics and functionality, make it difficult to apply SWH systems in high-rise buildings. At present, only China uses SWH systems on a large scale in such buildings. What are China’s experiences and lessons learned in applying SWH systems in high-rises? Are these experiences scalable to other countries? This study used a combination of field investigation, literature review and case study to summarize 36 systems that had been in operation for 1−14 years. System types, collector types, installation methods, types of auxiliary heat sources, economic performance and various basic principles were summarized. The economic performance of SWH systems in high-rise buildings was analyzed and verified by a case study in Shanghai. The results show that the installation of SWH systems in high-rise buildings is feasible and reliable. Individual household systems (61%) were more popular than centralized systems (25%) and hybrid systems account (14%). The average area of solar collectors per household was 2.17 m<sup>2</sup>/household, the average design solar fraction was 52%. Flat plate solar collectors (53%) was the most commonly used collector, while electric heating elements (89%) were the most common auxiliary heat sources for SWH systems, followed by gas water heaters and air source heat pumps. The cost of SWH systems per m<sup>2</sup> of a building area was between 22 CNY/m<sup>2</sup> to 75 CNY/m<sup>2</sup>. China’s unique practical experience gives a reference for other countries in their efforts to make high-rise buildings more sustainable.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/16/3078Solar water heating systemhigh-rise buildingbuilding-integrated solar thermalsolar fractionlevelized cost of heat |
| spellingShingle | Junpeng Huang Jianhua Fan Simon Furbo Liqun Li Solar Water Heating Systems Applied to High-Rise Buildings—Lessons from Experiences in China Energies Solar water heating system high-rise building building-integrated solar thermal solar fraction levelized cost of heat |
| title | Solar Water Heating Systems Applied to High-Rise Buildings—Lessons from Experiences in China |
| title_full | Solar Water Heating Systems Applied to High-Rise Buildings—Lessons from Experiences in China |
| title_fullStr | Solar Water Heating Systems Applied to High-Rise Buildings—Lessons from Experiences in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Solar Water Heating Systems Applied to High-Rise Buildings—Lessons from Experiences in China |
| title_short | Solar Water Heating Systems Applied to High-Rise Buildings—Lessons from Experiences in China |
| title_sort | solar water heating systems applied to high rise buildings lessons from experiences in china |
| topic | Solar water heating system high-rise building building-integrated solar thermal solar fraction levelized cost of heat |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/16/3078 |
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