Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression
Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-tricopeptide repeat (PPR, TPR, and OPR) proteins are nucleus-encoded proteins composed of tandem repeats of 35, 34, and 38–40 amino acids, respectively. They form helix-turn-helix structures that interact with mRNA or other proteins and participate in RNA stabilization, proc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.775366/full |
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| author | Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Agustino Martínez-Antonio Jesús A. Badillo-Corona |
| author_facet | Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Agustino Martínez-Antonio Jesús A. Badillo-Corona |
| author_sort | Karla S. Macedo-Osorio |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-tricopeptide repeat (PPR, TPR, and OPR) proteins are nucleus-encoded proteins composed of tandem repeats of 35, 34, and 38–40 amino acids, respectively. They form helix-turn-helix structures that interact with mRNA or other proteins and participate in RNA stabilization, processing, maturation, and act as translation enhancers of chloroplast and mitochondrial mRNAs. These helical repeat proteins are unevenly present in plants and algae. While PPR proteins are more abundant in plants than in algae, OPR proteins are more abundant in algae. In Arabidopsis, maize, and rice there have been 450, 661, and 477 PPR proteins identified, respectively, which contrasts with only 14 PPR proteins identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Likewise, more than 120 OPR proteins members have been predicted from the nuclear genome of C. reinhardtii and only one has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to their abundance in land plants, PPR proteins have been largely characterized making it possible to elucidate their RNA-binding code. This has even allowed researchers to generate engineered PPR proteins with defined affinity to a particular target, which has served as the basis to develop tools for gene expression in biotechnological applications. However, fine elucidation of the helical repeat proteins code in Chlamydomonas is a pending task. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role PPR, TPR, and OPR proteins play in chloroplast gene expression in the green algae C. reinhardtii, pointing to relevant similarities and differences with their counterparts in plants. We also recapitulate on how these proteins have been engineered and shown to serve as mRNA regulatory factors for biotechnological applications in plants and how this could be used as a starting point for applications in algae. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T14:49:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-429c8159fb4a4aeda67c9fca37ae4bbc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T14:49:13Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-429c8159fb4a4aeda67c9fca37ae4bbc2022-12-21T22:57:11ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2021-11-011210.3389/fpls.2021.775366775366Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene ExpressionKarla S. Macedo-Osorio0Karla S. Macedo-Osorio1Karla S. Macedo-Osorio2Agustino Martínez-Antonio3Jesús A. Badillo-Corona4Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City, MéxicoBiological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, MéxicoDivisión de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, MéxicoBiological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, MéxicoInstituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City, MéxicoPenta-, Tetra-, and Octo-tricopeptide repeat (PPR, TPR, and OPR) proteins are nucleus-encoded proteins composed of tandem repeats of 35, 34, and 38–40 amino acids, respectively. They form helix-turn-helix structures that interact with mRNA or other proteins and participate in RNA stabilization, processing, maturation, and act as translation enhancers of chloroplast and mitochondrial mRNAs. These helical repeat proteins are unevenly present in plants and algae. While PPR proteins are more abundant in plants than in algae, OPR proteins are more abundant in algae. In Arabidopsis, maize, and rice there have been 450, 661, and 477 PPR proteins identified, respectively, which contrasts with only 14 PPR proteins identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Likewise, more than 120 OPR proteins members have been predicted from the nuclear genome of C. reinhardtii and only one has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to their abundance in land plants, PPR proteins have been largely characterized making it possible to elucidate their RNA-binding code. This has even allowed researchers to generate engineered PPR proteins with defined affinity to a particular target, which has served as the basis to develop tools for gene expression in biotechnological applications. However, fine elucidation of the helical repeat proteins code in Chlamydomonas is a pending task. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role PPR, TPR, and OPR proteins play in chloroplast gene expression in the green algae C. reinhardtii, pointing to relevant similarities and differences with their counterparts in plants. We also recapitulate on how these proteins have been engineered and shown to serve as mRNA regulatory factors for biotechnological applications in plants and how this could be used as a starting point for applications in algae.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.775366/fullhelical repeat proteinsPPROPRTPRHAT-TPRchloroplast mRNA-processing |
| spellingShingle | Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Karla S. Macedo-Osorio Agustino Martínez-Antonio Jesús A. Badillo-Corona Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression Frontiers in Plant Science helical repeat proteins PPR OPR TPR HAT-TPR chloroplast mRNA-processing |
| title | Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression |
| title_full | Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression |
| title_fullStr | Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression |
| title_short | Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression |
| title_sort | pas de trois an overview of penta tetra and octo tricopeptide repeat proteins from chlamydomonas reinhardtii and their role in chloroplast gene expression |
| topic | helical repeat proteins PPR OPR TPR HAT-TPR chloroplast mRNA-processing |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.775366/full |
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