The energy park of the future: Modelling the combination of wave-, wind- and solar energy in offshore multi-source parks
To mitigate the effects of climate change, a significant percentage of future energy generation is set to come from renewable energy sources. This has led to a substantial increase of installed offshore wind in the North Sea in the last years (28 GW in 2021) and is projected to further accelerate to...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024028196 |
| _version_ | 1827316455674216448 |
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| author | Hinne F. van der Zant Anne-Caroline Pillet Anton Schaap Simon J. Stark Timothy A. de Weijer Aida A. Cahyaningwidi Benjamin A.E. Lehner |
| author_facet | Hinne F. van der Zant Anne-Caroline Pillet Anton Schaap Simon J. Stark Timothy A. de Weijer Aida A. Cahyaningwidi Benjamin A.E. Lehner |
| author_sort | Hinne F. van der Zant |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To mitigate the effects of climate change, a significant percentage of future energy generation is set to come from renewable energy sources. This has led to a substantial increase of installed offshore wind in the North Sea in the last years (28 GW in 2021) and is projected to further accelerate to an installed capacity of 212 GW by 2050. Increasing the renewable energy grid penetration brings challenges, including 1) limitations in space availability and 2) the reliability of renewable energy systems in terms of grid balancing. In the North Sea, maritime space is getting scarce and the projected upscaling of offshore wind is putting pressure on the chemical-, biological, and physical balance of the marine ecosystem. Without economically viable large-scale storage systems, a renewable energy system focused on one intermittent source does not provide reliable baseload- and energy demand compliance. By integrating different supplementary offshore renewable energy sources into multi-source parks output becomes smoother, while the energy yield per area increases. Despite multiple studies stating the benefits of multi-source energy parks of either wind and wave energy or wind and PV energy, no study has been conducted on the co-location of all three offshore renewables. This study combines and analyzes the three offshore renewable energy sources: wave-, offshore PV- and wind energy in the example of Ten Noorden van de Waddeneilanden, a future wind farm north of the Dutch Wadden Islands. The additional renewables are allocated within the wind turbine spacing, taking into account safety zones and maintenance corridors. Co-location of these renewables increases the extracted energy density by 22%, making more efficient use of the limited available marine space. Moreover, the park output becomes smoother as the yearly-averaged coefficient of variation decreases by 13%, the capacity factor with respect to the export cable increases by 19%, and the hours where the output of the park is below 20% of the export cable capacity decreases by 86.5%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T18:36:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-42af755d1fa34a87acd0bd5754067499 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T23:15:58Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-42af755d1fa34a87acd0bd57540674992024-03-17T07:56:16ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-03-01105e26788The energy park of the future: Modelling the combination of wave-, wind- and solar energy in offshore multi-source parksHinne F. van der ZantAnne-Caroline PilletAnton SchaapSimon J. StarkTimothy A. de WeijerAida A. CahyaningwidiBenjamin A.E. Lehner0Corresponding author.To mitigate the effects of climate change, a significant percentage of future energy generation is set to come from renewable energy sources. This has led to a substantial increase of installed offshore wind in the North Sea in the last years (28 GW in 2021) and is projected to further accelerate to an installed capacity of 212 GW by 2050. Increasing the renewable energy grid penetration brings challenges, including 1) limitations in space availability and 2) the reliability of renewable energy systems in terms of grid balancing. In the North Sea, maritime space is getting scarce and the projected upscaling of offshore wind is putting pressure on the chemical-, biological, and physical balance of the marine ecosystem. Without economically viable large-scale storage systems, a renewable energy system focused on one intermittent source does not provide reliable baseload- and energy demand compliance. By integrating different supplementary offshore renewable energy sources into multi-source parks output becomes smoother, while the energy yield per area increases. Despite multiple studies stating the benefits of multi-source energy parks of either wind and wave energy or wind and PV energy, no study has been conducted on the co-location of all three offshore renewables. This study combines and analyzes the three offshore renewable energy sources: wave-, offshore PV- and wind energy in the example of Ten Noorden van de Waddeneilanden, a future wind farm north of the Dutch Wadden Islands. The additional renewables are allocated within the wind turbine spacing, taking into account safety zones and maintenance corridors. Co-location of these renewables increases the extracted energy density by 22%, making more efficient use of the limited available marine space. Moreover, the park output becomes smoother as the yearly-averaged coefficient of variation decreases by 13%, the capacity factor with respect to the export cable increases by 19%, and the hours where the output of the park is below 20% of the export cable capacity decreases by 86.5%.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024028196Renewable energyWave energyWave energy converterFloating solarOffshore PVPhotovoltaics |
| spellingShingle | Hinne F. van der Zant Anne-Caroline Pillet Anton Schaap Simon J. Stark Timothy A. de Weijer Aida A. Cahyaningwidi Benjamin A.E. Lehner The energy park of the future: Modelling the combination of wave-, wind- and solar energy in offshore multi-source parks Heliyon Renewable energy Wave energy Wave energy converter Floating solar Offshore PV Photovoltaics |
| title | The energy park of the future: Modelling the combination of wave-, wind- and solar energy in offshore multi-source parks |
| title_full | The energy park of the future: Modelling the combination of wave-, wind- and solar energy in offshore multi-source parks |
| title_fullStr | The energy park of the future: Modelling the combination of wave-, wind- and solar energy in offshore multi-source parks |
| title_full_unstemmed | The energy park of the future: Modelling the combination of wave-, wind- and solar energy in offshore multi-source parks |
| title_short | The energy park of the future: Modelling the combination of wave-, wind- and solar energy in offshore multi-source parks |
| title_sort | energy park of the future modelling the combination of wave wind and solar energy in offshore multi source parks |
| topic | Renewable energy Wave energy Wave energy converter Floating solar Offshore PV Photovoltaics |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024028196 |
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