Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils
Non-nutritive metals, especially cadmium (Cd), are present in P fertilizers; the long-term application of these P fertilizers leads to Cd build-up in the soil. The current study aims to evaluate the impacts of P sources and rates on the growth of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and the bioava...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Land |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/8/1313 |
| _version_ | 1797409316876058624 |
|---|---|
| author | Muhammad Suleman Muhammad Ashraf Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza Muhammad Amjad Bashir Shafeeq Ur Rahman Muhammad Aon Saba Ali Sher Muhammad Shahzad Muhammad Usman Khalid Hafiz Muhammad Ali Raza Abdur Rehim Zhenjie Du |
| author_facet | Muhammad Suleman Muhammad Ashraf Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza Muhammad Amjad Bashir Shafeeq Ur Rahman Muhammad Aon Saba Ali Sher Muhammad Shahzad Muhammad Usman Khalid Hafiz Muhammad Ali Raza Abdur Rehim Zhenjie Du |
| author_sort | Muhammad Suleman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Non-nutritive metals, especially cadmium (Cd), are present in P fertilizers; the long-term application of these P fertilizers leads to Cd build-up in the soil. The current study aims to evaluate the impacts of P sources and rates on the growth of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and the bioavailability of Cd. Twelve treatments including rock phosphate 4 g kg<sup>−1</sup> (RP1); 8 g kg<sup>−1</sup> (RP2); 12 g kg<sup>−1</sup> (RP3)); single super phosphate 333 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (SSP1); 444 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (SSP2); 555 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (SSP3); di-ammonium phosphate 130 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (DAP1); 174 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (DAP2); 218 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (DAP3); mono-ammonium phosphate 115 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (MAP1); 154 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (MAP2); 193 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (MAP3) in two soil textures (sandy and clayey) were assessed. Results revealed that all P sources significantly influenced the plant growth and yield characteristics of maize (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). In both soil textures, P in soil and plant, plant growth and yield characteristics were maximized by MAP and DAP. Cadmium build-up in soil and uptake was also significantly (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) affected by P sources, levels, and soil texture. It was observed that Cd build-up in soil and uptake by plants boosted with increasing P levels. Maximum Cd concentration in plant root and shoot was found with SSP3, and its concentration in soil increased with MAP3, whereas the concentration was higher in sandy texture. The study concludes that type of P fertilizer should be determined based on texture and human consumption of the crop to avoid Cd toxicity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:12:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-42c57eda39a64677bc8a0fd8c3aabde0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:12:35Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj.art-42c57eda39a64677bc8a0fd8c3aabde02023-12-03T13:57:53ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2022-08-01118131310.3390/land11081313Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured SoilsMuhammad Suleman0Muhammad Ashraf1Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza2Muhammad Amjad Bashir3Shafeeq Ur Rahman4Muhammad Aon5Saba Ali6Sher Muhammad Shahzad7Muhammad Usman Khalid8Hafiz Muhammad Ali Raza9Abdur Rehim10Zhenjie Du11Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, PakistanDepartment of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, PakistanDepartment of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanCollege of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanMOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, ChinaDepartment of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanCollege of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, PakistanIn-Service Agricultural Training Institute, Rahimyar Khan 64200, PakistanDepartment of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanDepartment of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, PakistanFarmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, ChinaNon-nutritive metals, especially cadmium (Cd), are present in P fertilizers; the long-term application of these P fertilizers leads to Cd build-up in the soil. The current study aims to evaluate the impacts of P sources and rates on the growth of maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and the bioavailability of Cd. Twelve treatments including rock phosphate 4 g kg<sup>−1</sup> (RP1); 8 g kg<sup>−1</sup> (RP2); 12 g kg<sup>−1</sup> (RP3)); single super phosphate 333 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (SSP1); 444 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (SSP2); 555 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (SSP3); di-ammonium phosphate 130 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (DAP1); 174 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (DAP2); 218 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (DAP3); mono-ammonium phosphate 115 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (MAP1); 154 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (MAP2); 193 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> (MAP3) in two soil textures (sandy and clayey) were assessed. Results revealed that all P sources significantly influenced the plant growth and yield characteristics of maize (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). In both soil textures, P in soil and plant, plant growth and yield characteristics were maximized by MAP and DAP. Cadmium build-up in soil and uptake was also significantly (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) affected by P sources, levels, and soil texture. It was observed that Cd build-up in soil and uptake by plants boosted with increasing P levels. Maximum Cd concentration in plant root and shoot was found with SSP3, and its concentration in soil increased with MAP3, whereas the concentration was higher in sandy texture. The study concludes that type of P fertilizer should be determined based on texture and human consumption of the crop to avoid Cd toxicity.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/8/1313phosphoruscadmiumtexturemaizesoil |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Suleman Muhammad Ashraf Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza Muhammad Amjad Bashir Shafeeq Ur Rahman Muhammad Aon Saba Ali Sher Muhammad Shahzad Muhammad Usman Khalid Hafiz Muhammad Ali Raza Abdur Rehim Zhenjie Du Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils Land phosphorus cadmium texture maize soil |
| title | Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils |
| title_full | Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils |
| title_fullStr | Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils |
| title_short | Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils |
| title_sort | determining the cadmium accumulation in maize i zea mays i l and soil influenced by phosphoric fertilizers in two different textured soils |
| topic | phosphorus cadmium texture maize soil |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/11/8/1313 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT muhammadsuleman determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT muhammadashraf determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT quratulainraza determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT muhammadamjadbashir determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT shafeequrrahman determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT muhammadaon determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT sabaali determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT shermuhammadshahzad determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT muhammadusmankhalid determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT hafizmuhammadaliraza determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT abdurrehim determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils AT zhenjiedu determiningthecadmiumaccumulationinmaizeizeamaysilandsoilinfluencedbyphosphoricfertilizersintwodifferenttexturedsoils |