Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is a complex and intricate process that aims to replenish blood components in a constant fashion. It is orchestrated mostly by hematopoietic progenitor cells (hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These cells can originate other cell sub...
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/19/6996 |
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| author | Pablo Scharf Milena Fronza Broering Gustavo Henrique Oliveira da Rocha Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky |
| author_facet | Pablo Scharf Milena Fronza Broering Gustavo Henrique Oliveira da Rocha Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky |
| author_sort | Pablo Scharf |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hematopoiesis is a complex and intricate process that aims to replenish blood components in a constant fashion. It is orchestrated mostly by hematopoietic progenitor cells (hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These cells can originate other cell subtypes that are responsible for maintaining vital functions, mediate innate and adaptive immune responses, provide tissues with oxygen, and control coagulation. Hematopoiesis in adults takes place in the bone marrow, which is endowed with an extensive vasculature conferring an intense flow of cells. A myriad of cell subtypes can be found in the bone marrow at different levels of activation, being also under constant action of an extensive amount of diverse chemical mediators and enzymatic systems. Bone marrow platelets, mature erythrocytes and leukocytes are delivered into the bloodstream readily available to meet body demands. Leukocytes circulate and reach different tissues, returning or not returning to the bloodstream. Senescent leukocytes, specially granulocytes, return to the bone marrow to be phagocytized by macrophages, restarting granulopoiesis. The constant high production and delivery of cells into the bloodstream, alongside the fact that blood cells can also circulate between tissues, makes the hematopoietic system a prime target for toxic agents to act upon, making the understanding of the bone marrow microenvironment vital for both toxicological sciences and risk assessment. Environmental and occupational pollutants, therapeutic molecules, drugs of abuse, and even nutritional status can directly affect progenitor cells at their differentiation and maturation stages, altering behavior and function of blood compounds and resulting in impaired immune responses, anemias, leukemias, and blood coagulation disturbances. This review aims to describe the most recently investigated molecular and cellular toxicity mechanisms of current major environmental pollutants on hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:07:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-42eb04c053954978ab9666580e7bfcd8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:07:27Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-42eb04c053954978ab9666580e7bfcd82023-11-20T14:47:06ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-09-012119699610.3390/ijms21196996Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on HematopoiesisPablo Scharf0Milena Fronza Broering1Gustavo Henrique Oliveira da Rocha2Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky3Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 005508-000, BrazilDepartment of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 005508-000, BrazilDepartment of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 005508-000, BrazilDepartment of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 005508-000, BrazilHematopoiesis is a complex and intricate process that aims to replenish blood components in a constant fashion. It is orchestrated mostly by hematopoietic progenitor cells (hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)) that are capable of self-renewal and differentiation. These cells can originate other cell subtypes that are responsible for maintaining vital functions, mediate innate and adaptive immune responses, provide tissues with oxygen, and control coagulation. Hematopoiesis in adults takes place in the bone marrow, which is endowed with an extensive vasculature conferring an intense flow of cells. A myriad of cell subtypes can be found in the bone marrow at different levels of activation, being also under constant action of an extensive amount of diverse chemical mediators and enzymatic systems. Bone marrow platelets, mature erythrocytes and leukocytes are delivered into the bloodstream readily available to meet body demands. Leukocytes circulate and reach different tissues, returning or not returning to the bloodstream. Senescent leukocytes, specially granulocytes, return to the bone marrow to be phagocytized by macrophages, restarting granulopoiesis. The constant high production and delivery of cells into the bloodstream, alongside the fact that blood cells can also circulate between tissues, makes the hematopoietic system a prime target for toxic agents to act upon, making the understanding of the bone marrow microenvironment vital for both toxicological sciences and risk assessment. Environmental and occupational pollutants, therapeutic molecules, drugs of abuse, and even nutritional status can directly affect progenitor cells at their differentiation and maturation stages, altering behavior and function of blood compounds and resulting in impaired immune responses, anemias, leukemias, and blood coagulation disturbances. This review aims to describe the most recently investigated molecular and cellular toxicity mechanisms of current major environmental pollutants on hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/19/6996environmental pollutantsxenobioticshematopoiesismyelotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Pablo Scharf Milena Fronza Broering Gustavo Henrique Oliveira da Rocha Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis International Journal of Molecular Sciences environmental pollutants xenobiotics hematopoiesis myelotoxicity |
| title | Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis |
| title_full | Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis |
| title_fullStr | Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis |
| title_short | Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Environmental Pollutants on Hematopoiesis |
| title_sort | cellular and molecular mechanisms of environmental pollutants on hematopoiesis |
| topic | environmental pollutants xenobiotics hematopoiesis myelotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/19/6996 |
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