Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in da...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/12/1058 |
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| author | Paul C. Bartlett Vickie J. Ruggiero Holden C. Hutchinson Casey J. Droscha Bo Norby Kelly R. B. Sporer Tasia M. Taxis |
| author_facet | Paul C. Bartlett Vickie J. Ruggiero Holden C. Hutchinson Casey J. Droscha Bo Norby Kelly R. B. Sporer Tasia M. Taxis |
| author_sort | Paul C. Bartlett |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in dairy cattle has a greater impact beyond the long-recognized lymphoma development that occurs in <5% of infected cattle. Like other retroviruses, BLV appears to cause multiple immune system disruptions, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity, which are likely responsible for increasingly documented associations with decreased dairy production and decreased productive lifespan. Realization of these economic losses has increased interest in controlling BLV using technology that was unavailable decades ago, when many nations eradicated BLV via traditional antibody testing and slaughter methods. This traditional control is not economically feasible for many nations where the average herd antibody prevalence is rapidly approaching 50%. The ELISA screening of cattle with follow-up testing via qPCR for proviral load helps prioritize the most infectious cattle for segregation or culling. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in at least four herds. Breeding cattle for resistance to BLV disease progression also appears to hold promise, and several laboratories are working on BLV vaccines. There are many research priorities for a wide variety of disciplines, especially including the need to investigate the reports linking BLV and human breast cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:57:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-42fdbe93ecca4b7389edc06ec6797481 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:57:58Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-42fdbe93ecca4b7389edc06ec67974812023-11-21T01:24:22ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172020-12-01912105810.3390/pathogens9121058Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia VirusPaul C. Bartlett0Vickie J. Ruggiero1Holden C. Hutchinson2Casey J. Droscha3Bo Norby4Kelly R. B. Sporer5Tasia M. Taxis6College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USACollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAUSDA, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USACentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USACollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USACentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USADepartment of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAEnzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in dairy cattle has a greater impact beyond the long-recognized lymphoma development that occurs in <5% of infected cattle. Like other retroviruses, BLV appears to cause multiple immune system disruptions, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity, which are likely responsible for increasingly documented associations with decreased dairy production and decreased productive lifespan. Realization of these economic losses has increased interest in controlling BLV using technology that was unavailable decades ago, when many nations eradicated BLV via traditional antibody testing and slaughter methods. This traditional control is not economically feasible for many nations where the average herd antibody prevalence is rapidly approaching 50%. The ELISA screening of cattle with follow-up testing via qPCR for proviral load helps prioritize the most infectious cattle for segregation or culling. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in at least four herds. Breeding cattle for resistance to BLV disease progression also appears to hold promise, and several laboratories are working on BLV vaccines. There are many research priorities for a wide variety of disciplines, especially including the need to investigate the reports linking BLV and human breast cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/12/1058epidemiologydairybeefretrovirus |
| spellingShingle | Paul C. Bartlett Vickie J. Ruggiero Holden C. Hutchinson Casey J. Droscha Bo Norby Kelly R. B. Sporer Tasia M. Taxis Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus Pathogens epidemiology dairy beef retrovirus |
| title | Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus |
| title_full | Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus |
| title_fullStr | Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus |
| title_short | Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus |
| title_sort | current developments in the epidemiology and control of enzootic bovine leukosis as caused by bovine leukemia virus |
| topic | epidemiology dairy beef retrovirus |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/12/1058 |
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