Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax Composites
This work investigates the efficiency of sol−gel treatments to flame retard flax fabric/PA11 composites. Different sol−gel treatments applied to the flax fabrics were prepared using TEOS in combination with phosphorus and/or nitrogen containing co-precursors (DEPTES, APTES) or ad...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-10-01
|
| Series: | Fibers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/7/10/86 |
| _version_ | 1798004095817089024 |
|---|---|
| author | Fabienne Samyn Maxence Vandewalle Séverine Bellayer Sophie Duquesne |
| author_facet | Fabienne Samyn Maxence Vandewalle Séverine Bellayer Sophie Duquesne |
| author_sort | Fabienne Samyn |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This work investigates the efficiency of sol−gel treatments to flame retard flax fabric/PA11 composites. Different sol−gel treatments applied to the flax fabrics were prepared using TEOS in combination with phosphorus and/or nitrogen containing co-precursors (DEPTES, APTES) or additives (OP1230, OP1311). When the nitrogen and the phosphorus co-precursors were used, two coating methods were studied: a ‘one-pot’ route and a successive layer deposition method. For the “one-pot” method, the three precursors (TEOS, DEPTES, and APTES) were mixed together in the same solutions whereas for the different layers deposition method, the three different treatments were deposited on the fibers successively, first the TEOS, then a mix of TEOS/DEPTES, and finally a mix of TEOS/APTES. After deposition, the sol−gel coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscope, electron probe microanalyzer, and <sup>29</sup>Si and <sup>31</sup>P solid-state NMR. When only TEOS or a mix of TEOS and DEPTES is used, homogeneous coatings are obtained presenting well-condensed Si units (mainly Q units). When APTES is added, the coatings are less homogenous and agglomerates are present. A lower condensation rate of the Si network is also noticed by solid-state NMR. When additives are used in combination with TEOS, the TEOS forms a homogenous and continuous film at the surface of the fibers, but the flame retardants are not well distributed and form aggregates. The flame retardant (FR) efficiency of the different treatments on flax fabrics was evaluated using horizontal flame spread test. The following ranking of the different systems is obtained: TEOS + Additives > TEOS > TEOS + DEPTES ~ TEOS + DEPTES + APTES > multilayers. All the sol−gel coatings improve the flame retardant properties of the flax fabric, except the multilayer treatment. Based on these results, the three most efficient sol−gels were selected to prepare sol−gel-modified flax/PA11 composites. The composite modified with only TEOS showed the best FR properties. Surprisingly, the composite modified with the phosphorus-based flame retardant (AlPi) did not exhibit improved FR properties. This effect was attributed to the fact that the amount of the FR additive deposited on the fabrics was too low. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:19:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-43189ad4aa4741a488acd96e52bc45a9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6439 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:19:07Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fibers |
| spelling | doaj.art-43189ad4aa4741a488acd96e52bc45a92022-12-22T04:24:10ZengMDPI AGFibers2079-64392019-10-017108610.3390/fib7100086fib7100086Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax CompositesFabienne Samyn0Maxence Vandewalle1Séverine Bellayer2Sophie Duquesne3CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Université de Lille, F−59000 Lille, FranceCNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Université d’Artois, UMR 8181–UCCS–Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Université de Lille, F−59000 Lille, FranceCNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Université de Lille, F−59000 Lille, FranceCNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations, Université de Lille, F−59000 Lille, FranceThis work investigates the efficiency of sol−gel treatments to flame retard flax fabric/PA11 composites. Different sol−gel treatments applied to the flax fabrics were prepared using TEOS in combination with phosphorus and/or nitrogen containing co-precursors (DEPTES, APTES) or additives (OP1230, OP1311). When the nitrogen and the phosphorus co-precursors were used, two coating methods were studied: a ‘one-pot’ route and a successive layer deposition method. For the “one-pot” method, the three precursors (TEOS, DEPTES, and APTES) were mixed together in the same solutions whereas for the different layers deposition method, the three different treatments were deposited on the fibers successively, first the TEOS, then a mix of TEOS/DEPTES, and finally a mix of TEOS/APTES. After deposition, the sol−gel coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscope, electron probe microanalyzer, and <sup>29</sup>Si and <sup>31</sup>P solid-state NMR. When only TEOS or a mix of TEOS and DEPTES is used, homogeneous coatings are obtained presenting well-condensed Si units (mainly Q units). When APTES is added, the coatings are less homogenous and agglomerates are present. A lower condensation rate of the Si network is also noticed by solid-state NMR. When additives are used in combination with TEOS, the TEOS forms a homogenous and continuous film at the surface of the fibers, but the flame retardants are not well distributed and form aggregates. The flame retardant (FR) efficiency of the different treatments on flax fabrics was evaluated using horizontal flame spread test. The following ranking of the different systems is obtained: TEOS + Additives > TEOS > TEOS + DEPTES ~ TEOS + DEPTES + APTES > multilayers. All the sol−gel coatings improve the flame retardant properties of the flax fabric, except the multilayer treatment. Based on these results, the three most efficient sol−gels were selected to prepare sol−gel-modified flax/PA11 composites. The composite modified with only TEOS showed the best FR properties. Surprisingly, the composite modified with the phosphorus-based flame retardant (AlPi) did not exhibit improved FR properties. This effect was attributed to the fact that the amount of the FR additive deposited on the fabrics was too low.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/7/10/86sol–gelflame retardancyflax fiberscomposites |
| spellingShingle | Fabienne Samyn Maxence Vandewalle Séverine Bellayer Sophie Duquesne Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax Composites Fibers sol–gel flame retardancy flax fibers composites |
| title | Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax Composites |
| title_full | Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax Composites |
| title_fullStr | Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax Composites |
| title_short | Sol–Gel Treatments to Flame Retard PA11/Flax Composites |
| title_sort | sol gel treatments to flame retard pa11 flax composites |
| topic | sol–gel flame retardancy flax fibers composites |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6439/7/10/86 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fabiennesamyn solgeltreatmentstoflameretardpa11flaxcomposites AT maxencevandewalle solgeltreatmentstoflameretardpa11flaxcomposites AT severinebellayer solgeltreatmentstoflameretardpa11flaxcomposites AT sophieduquesne solgeltreatmentstoflameretardpa11flaxcomposites |