Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells
<i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> is a source of molecules with reported health benefits such as antioxidant activity and cancer prevention. The objective of this research was to optimize the conditions for preparing a liposome formulation using amaranth unsaponifiable matter as a source...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Nanomaterials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/8/1960 |
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| author | Erick Damian Castañeda-Reyes Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia Fred Joseph Eller Mark A. Berhow María de Jesús Perea-Flores Gloria Dávila-Ortíz |
| author_facet | Erick Damian Castañeda-Reyes Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia Fred Joseph Eller Mark A. Berhow María de Jesús Perea-Flores Gloria Dávila-Ortíz |
| author_sort | Erick Damian Castañeda-Reyes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> is a source of molecules with reported health benefits such as antioxidant activity and cancer prevention. The objective of this research was to optimize the conditions for preparing a liposome formulation using amaranth unsaponifiable matter as a source of squalene in order to minimize the particle size and to maximize the encapsulation efficiency of liposomes for carrying and delivering soybean lunasin into melanoma cell lines. Amaranth oil was extracted using supercritical dioxide carbon extraction (55.2 MPa pressure, 80 °C temperature, solvent (CO<sub>2</sub>)-to-feed (oil) ratio of 20). The extracted oil from amaranth was used to obtain the unsaponifiable enriched content of squalene, which was incorporated into liposomes. A Box–Behnken response surface methodology design was used to optimize the liposome formulation containing the unsaponifiable matter, once liposomes were optimized. Soybean lunasin was loaded into the liposomes and tested on A-375 and B16-F10 melanoma cells. The squalene concentration in the extracted oil was 36.64 ± 0.64 g/ 100 g of oil. The particle size in liposomes was between 115.8 and 163.1 nm; the squalene encapsulation efficiency ranged from 33.14% to 76.08%. The optimized liposome formulation contained 15.27 mg of phospholipids and 1.1 mg of unsaponifiable matter. Cell viability was affected by the liposome formulation with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) equivalent to 225 μM in B16-F10 and 215 μM in A-375. The liposomes formulated with lunasin achieved 82.14 ± 3.34% lunasin encapsulation efficiency and improved efficacy by decreasing lunasin IC<sub>50</sub> by 31.81% in B16-F10 and by 41.89% in A-375 compared with unencapsulated lunasin. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:32:04Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-432e4a2e697445ea98c925589c3c45f62023-11-22T08:58:22ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912021-07-01118196010.3390/nano11081960Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma CellsErick Damian Castañeda-Reyes0Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia1Fred Joseph Eller2Mark A. Berhow3María de Jesús Perea-Flores4Gloria Dávila-Ortíz5Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USADepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USAFunctional Foods Research, United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research†, Midwest Area, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. Univ. St., Peoria, IL 61604, USAFunctional Foods Research, United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research†, Midwest Area, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 N. Univ. St., Peoria, IL 61604, USACentro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, MexicoDepartamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Av. Wilfrido Massieu, esq. Miguel Stampa s/n, Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico<i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> is a source of molecules with reported health benefits such as antioxidant activity and cancer prevention. The objective of this research was to optimize the conditions for preparing a liposome formulation using amaranth unsaponifiable matter as a source of squalene in order to minimize the particle size and to maximize the encapsulation efficiency of liposomes for carrying and delivering soybean lunasin into melanoma cell lines. Amaranth oil was extracted using supercritical dioxide carbon extraction (55.2 MPa pressure, 80 °C temperature, solvent (CO<sub>2</sub>)-to-feed (oil) ratio of 20). The extracted oil from amaranth was used to obtain the unsaponifiable enriched content of squalene, which was incorporated into liposomes. A Box–Behnken response surface methodology design was used to optimize the liposome formulation containing the unsaponifiable matter, once liposomes were optimized. Soybean lunasin was loaded into the liposomes and tested on A-375 and B16-F10 melanoma cells. The squalene concentration in the extracted oil was 36.64 ± 0.64 g/ 100 g of oil. The particle size in liposomes was between 115.8 and 163.1 nm; the squalene encapsulation efficiency ranged from 33.14% to 76.08%. The optimized liposome formulation contained 15.27 mg of phospholipids and 1.1 mg of unsaponifiable matter. Cell viability was affected by the liposome formulation with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) equivalent to 225 μM in B16-F10 and 215 μM in A-375. The liposomes formulated with lunasin achieved 82.14 ± 3.34% lunasin encapsulation efficiency and improved efficacy by decreasing lunasin IC<sub>50</sub> by 31.81% in B16-F10 and by 41.89% in A-375 compared with unencapsulated lunasin.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/8/1960<i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i>amaranth unsaponifiable matterliposomeslunasinmelanomasqualene |
| spellingShingle | Erick Damian Castañeda-Reyes Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia Fred Joseph Eller Mark A. Berhow María de Jesús Perea-Flores Gloria Dávila-Ortíz Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells Nanomaterials <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> amaranth unsaponifiable matter liposomes lunasin melanoma squalene |
| title | Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells |
| title_full | Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells |
| title_fullStr | Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells |
| title_short | Liposomes Loaded with Unsaponifiable Matter from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> as a Source of Squalene and Carrying Soybean Lunasin Inhibited Melanoma Cells |
| title_sort | liposomes loaded with unsaponifiable matter from i amaranthus hypochondriacus i as a source of squalene and carrying soybean lunasin inhibited melanoma cells |
| topic | <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> amaranth unsaponifiable matter liposomes lunasin melanoma squalene |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/8/1960 |
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