Metabolomic Analysis for Compositional Differences of Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Subjected to Seasonal Dynamics
Bush tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) is a South African indigenous herbal tea rich in secondary metabolites with medicinal significance. However, studies on the effects of seasonal changes on bush tea and quantification of its metabolites using untargeted approach have not been exp...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/6/892 |
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| author | Keletso C. Mohale Olusola Bodede Hintsa T. Araya Fhatuwani N. Mudau |
| author_facet | Keletso C. Mohale Olusola Bodede Hintsa T. Araya Fhatuwani N. Mudau |
| author_sort | Keletso C. Mohale |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bush tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) is a South African indigenous herbal tea rich in secondary metabolites with medicinal significance. However, studies on the effects of seasonal changes on bush tea and quantification of its metabolites using untargeted approach have not been explored. Therefore, this study’s objective was to investigate the effects of seasonal variation on the metabolites of bush tea using LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry) and <sup>1</sup>H NMR (High-Resolution Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) techniques. Bush tea leaves were plucked once in each season namely, autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), spring (September to November), and summer (December to February). The primary metabolites including non-essential amino acids, organic acids, and vitamins in bush tea were predominantly elevated during summer and spring. The <sup>1</sup>H NMR-based metabolomic analysis revealed that bush tea metabolome was strongly affected by seasonal variations, using the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) which demonstrated four distinct groups of seasons. Similarly, the <sup>1</sup>H NMR based metabolic profiling of bush tea subjected to different seasons resulted in putative annotation of six phenolic compounds which included rutin, 4-(hydroxyphenyl) propyl coumarate, caffeic acid, hymenoxin, quercetin, and kaempferol. The phenolics and primary metabolites differed remarkably per season with enhanced accumulation observed in the summer and spring harvested bush tea. The LC-MS and <sup>1</sup>H NMR metabolomics analysis suggests that summer and spring can be recommended as preferred plucking seasons for bush tea leaves and twigs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:56:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-43525327382b4a92abadcecaf87258c7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:56:11Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-43525327382b4a92abadcecaf87258c72023-11-20T04:42:30ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952020-06-0110689210.3390/agronomy10060892Metabolomic Analysis for Compositional Differences of Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Subjected to Seasonal DynamicsKeletso C. Mohale0Olusola Bodede1Hintsa T. Araya2Fhatuwani N. Mudau3Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South AfricaDepartment of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South AfricaARC-Roodeplaat, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaDepartment of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South AfricaBush tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) is a South African indigenous herbal tea rich in secondary metabolites with medicinal significance. However, studies on the effects of seasonal changes on bush tea and quantification of its metabolites using untargeted approach have not been explored. Therefore, this study’s objective was to investigate the effects of seasonal variation on the metabolites of bush tea using LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry) and <sup>1</sup>H NMR (High-Resolution Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) techniques. Bush tea leaves were plucked once in each season namely, autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), spring (September to November), and summer (December to February). The primary metabolites including non-essential amino acids, organic acids, and vitamins in bush tea were predominantly elevated during summer and spring. The <sup>1</sup>H NMR-based metabolomic analysis revealed that bush tea metabolome was strongly affected by seasonal variations, using the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) which demonstrated four distinct groups of seasons. Similarly, the <sup>1</sup>H NMR based metabolic profiling of bush tea subjected to different seasons resulted in putative annotation of six phenolic compounds which included rutin, 4-(hydroxyphenyl) propyl coumarate, caffeic acid, hymenoxin, quercetin, and kaempferol. The phenolics and primary metabolites differed remarkably per season with enhanced accumulation observed in the summer and spring harvested bush tea. The LC-MS and <sup>1</sup>H NMR metabolomics analysis suggests that summer and spring can be recommended as preferred plucking seasons for bush tea leaves and twigs.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/6/892bush teaseasonal variation<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i>tea metabolitesphenolics |
| spellingShingle | Keletso C. Mohale Olusola Bodede Hintsa T. Araya Fhatuwani N. Mudau Metabolomic Analysis for Compositional Differences of Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Subjected to Seasonal Dynamics Agronomy bush tea seasonal variation <i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> tea metabolites phenolics |
| title | Metabolomic Analysis for Compositional Differences of Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Subjected to Seasonal Dynamics |
| title_full | Metabolomic Analysis for Compositional Differences of Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Subjected to Seasonal Dynamics |
| title_fullStr | Metabolomic Analysis for Compositional Differences of Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Subjected to Seasonal Dynamics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metabolomic Analysis for Compositional Differences of Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Subjected to Seasonal Dynamics |
| title_short | Metabolomic Analysis for Compositional Differences of Bush Tea (<i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> DC.) Subjected to Seasonal Dynamics |
| title_sort | metabolomic analysis for compositional differences of bush tea i athrixia phylicoides i dc subjected to seasonal dynamics |
| topic | bush tea seasonal variation <i>Athrixia phylicoides</i> tea metabolites phenolics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/6/892 |
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