Immuno-Enhancing Effects of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models
This study investigates the immunomodulatory potential of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. (GAE) in immunodeficient animals. In this study, animals were categorized into five groups: the normal group, CYP group (cyclophosphamide intraperitoneal injection), GA5 group (cyclophosphamide + 5 μg GAE)...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/5/597 |
| _version_ | 1797264077017317376 |
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| author | Seo-yeon Lee Seo-yeon Park Hee-jung Park |
| author_facet | Seo-yeon Lee Seo-yeon Park Hee-jung Park |
| author_sort | Seo-yeon Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigates the immunomodulatory potential of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. (GAE) in immunodeficient animals. In this study, animals were categorized into five groups: the normal group, CYP group (cyclophosphamide intraperitoneal injection), GA5 group (cyclophosphamide + 5 μg GAE), GA50 group (cyclophosphamide + 50 μg GAE), and GA500 group (cyclophosphamide + 500 μg GAE). The CYP group exhibited significantly reduced spleen weights compared to the normal group, while the groups obtaining GAE displayed a dose-dependent increase in spleen weight. Furthermore, the GAE demonstrated dose-dependent enhancement of splenocyte proliferating activity, with significant increases observed in both LPS and ConA-induced assays. NK cell activity significantly increased in the GA50 and GA500 groups compared to the CYP group. Cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels in ConA-induced splenocytes treated with GAE. Gene expression analysis identified 2434 DEG genes in the extract groups. Notable genes, such as Entpd1, Pgf, Thdb, Syt7, Sqor, and Rsc1al, displayed substantial differences in individual gene expression levels, suggesting their potential as target genes for immune enhancement. In conclusion, <i>Galium aparine</i> L. extract exhibits immunomodulatory properties. The observed gene expression changes further support the potential of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. extract as a natural agent for immune augmentation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:23:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-435b0fa9e726498c953796b421e0171d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:23:10Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-435b0fa9e726498c953796b421e0171d2024-03-12T16:51:52ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432024-02-0116559710.3390/nu16050597Immuno-Enhancing Effects of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal ModelsSeo-yeon Lee0Seo-yeon Park1Hee-jung Park2Department Foodservice Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of KoreaDepartment Foodservice Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of KoreaDepartment Foodservice Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of KoreaThis study investigates the immunomodulatory potential of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. (GAE) in immunodeficient animals. In this study, animals were categorized into five groups: the normal group, CYP group (cyclophosphamide intraperitoneal injection), GA5 group (cyclophosphamide + 5 μg GAE), GA50 group (cyclophosphamide + 50 μg GAE), and GA500 group (cyclophosphamide + 500 μg GAE). The CYP group exhibited significantly reduced spleen weights compared to the normal group, while the groups obtaining GAE displayed a dose-dependent increase in spleen weight. Furthermore, the GAE demonstrated dose-dependent enhancement of splenocyte proliferating activity, with significant increases observed in both LPS and ConA-induced assays. NK cell activity significantly increased in the GA50 and GA500 groups compared to the CYP group. Cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels in ConA-induced splenocytes treated with GAE. Gene expression analysis identified 2434 DEG genes in the extract groups. Notable genes, such as Entpd1, Pgf, Thdb, Syt7, Sqor, and Rsc1al, displayed substantial differences in individual gene expression levels, suggesting their potential as target genes for immune enhancement. In conclusion, <i>Galium aparine</i> L. extract exhibits immunomodulatory properties. The observed gene expression changes further support the potential of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. extract as a natural agent for immune augmentation.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/5/597<i>Galium aparine</i> L. extractimmune stimulationcyclophosphamidesplenocyte proliferationNK cell activity |
| spellingShingle | Seo-yeon Lee Seo-yeon Park Hee-jung Park Immuno-Enhancing Effects of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models Nutrients <i>Galium aparine</i> L. extract immune stimulation cyclophosphamide splenocyte proliferation NK cell activity |
| title | Immuno-Enhancing Effects of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models |
| title_full | Immuno-Enhancing Effects of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models |
| title_fullStr | Immuno-Enhancing Effects of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immuno-Enhancing Effects of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models |
| title_short | Immuno-Enhancing Effects of <i>Galium aparine</i> L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models |
| title_sort | immuno enhancing effects of i galium aparine i l in cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressed animal models |
| topic | <i>Galium aparine</i> L. extract immune stimulation cyclophosphamide splenocyte proliferation NK cell activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/5/597 |
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