Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>-Induced Mice
This study was conducted to assess the protective effect of walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) extract on amyloid beta (Aβ)<sub>1-42</sub>-induced institute of cancer research (ICR) mice. By conducting a Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests with amyloidogenic...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/10/976 |
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| author | Jong Min Kim Uk Lee Jin Yong Kang Seon Kyeong Park Eun Jin Shin Hyun-Jin Kim Chul-Woo Kim Mahn-Jo Kim Ho Jin Heo |
| author_facet | Jong Min Kim Uk Lee Jin Yong Kang Seon Kyeong Park Eun Jin Shin Hyun-Jin Kim Chul-Woo Kim Mahn-Jo Kim Ho Jin Heo |
| author_sort | Jong Min Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study was conducted to assess the protective effect of walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) extract on amyloid beta (Aβ)<sub>1-42</sub>-induced institute of cancer research (ICR) mice. By conducting a Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests with amyloidogenic mice, it was found that walnut extract ameliorated behavioral dysfunction and memory deficit. The walnut extract showed a protective effect on the antioxidant system and cholinergic system by regulating malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, acetylcholine (ACh) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and protein expression of AChE and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Furthermore, the walnut extract suppressed Aβ-induced abnormality of mitochondrial function by ameliorating reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP contents. Finally, the walnut extract regulated the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin concerned with blood–brain barrier (BBB) function, expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (p-IκB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), related to neuroinflammation and the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), caspase-3, hyperphosphorylation of tau (p-tau), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), associated with the Aβ-related Akt pathway. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:42:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-43665f5105954deb941482eee590cd76 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:42:13Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-43665f5105954deb941482eee590cd762023-11-20T16:43:40ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212020-10-0191097610.3390/antiox9100976Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>-Induced MiceJong Min Kim0Uk Lee1Jin Yong Kang2Seon Kyeong Park3Eun Jin Shin4Hyun-Jin Kim5Chul-Woo Kim6Mahn-Jo Kim7Ho Jin Heo8Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaDivision of Special Purpose Tree, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaDivision of Special Purpose Tree, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, KoreaDivision of Special Purpose Tree, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, KoreaDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaThis study was conducted to assess the protective effect of walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) extract on amyloid beta (Aβ)<sub>1-42</sub>-induced institute of cancer research (ICR) mice. By conducting a Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests with amyloidogenic mice, it was found that walnut extract ameliorated behavioral dysfunction and memory deficit. The walnut extract showed a protective effect on the antioxidant system and cholinergic system by regulating malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, acetylcholine (ACh) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and protein expression of AChE and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Furthermore, the walnut extract suppressed Aβ-induced abnormality of mitochondrial function by ameliorating reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ATP contents. Finally, the walnut extract regulated the expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin concerned with blood–brain barrier (BBB) function, expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (p-IκB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), related to neuroinflammation and the expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt), caspase-3, hyperphosphorylation of tau (p-tau), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), associated with the Aβ-related Akt pathway.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/10/976walnuttanninamyloid betacognitive dysfunctionblood–brain barrierneuroinflammation |
| spellingShingle | Jong Min Kim Uk Lee Jin Yong Kang Seon Kyeong Park Eun Jin Shin Hyun-Jin Kim Chul-Woo Kim Mahn-Jo Kim Ho Jin Heo Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>-Induced Mice Antioxidants walnut tannin amyloid beta cognitive dysfunction blood–brain barrier neuroinflammation |
| title | Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>-Induced Mice |
| title_full | Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>-Induced Mice |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>-Induced Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>-Induced Mice |
| title_short | Anti-Amnesic Effect of Walnut via the Regulation of BBB Function and Neuro-Inflammation in Aβ<sub>1-42</sub>-Induced Mice |
| title_sort | anti amnesic effect of walnut via the regulation of bbb function and neuro inflammation in aβ sub 1 42 sub induced mice |
| topic | walnut tannin amyloid beta cognitive dysfunction blood–brain barrier neuroinflammation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/9/10/976 |
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