Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume Regulation
Cells lacking a stiff cell wall, e.g., mammalian cells, must actively regulate their volume to maintain proper cell function. On the time scale that protein production is negligible, water flow in and out of the cell determines the cell volume variation. Water flux follows hydraulic and osmotic grad...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.683686/full |
| _version_ | 1818741939523026944 |
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| author | Yizeng Li Xiaohan Zhou Sean X. Sun Sean X. Sun Sean X. Sun |
| author_facet | Yizeng Li Xiaohan Zhou Sean X. Sun Sean X. Sun Sean X. Sun |
| author_sort | Yizeng Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cells lacking a stiff cell wall, e.g., mammalian cells, must actively regulate their volume to maintain proper cell function. On the time scale that protein production is negligible, water flow in and out of the cell determines the cell volume variation. Water flux follows hydraulic and osmotic gradients; the latter is generated by various ion channels, transporters, and pumps in the cell membrane. Compared to the widely studied roles of sodium, potassium, and chloride in cell volume regulation, the effects of proton and bicarbonate are less understood. In this work, we use mathematical models to analyze how proton and bicarbonate, combined with sodium, potassium, chloride, and buffer species, regulate cell volume upon inhibition of ion channels, transporters, and pumps. The model includes several common, widely expressed ion transporters and focuses on obtaining generic outcomes. Results show that the intracellular osmolarity remains almost constant before and after cell volume change. The steady-state cell volume does not depend on water permeability. In addition, to ensure the stability of cell volume and ion concentrations, cells need to develop redundant mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, i.e., multiple ion channels or transporters are involved in the flux of the same ion species. These results provide insights for molecular mechanisms of cell volume regulation with additional implications for water-driven cell migration. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T02:04:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-437820fdc33c434bb21bcdfd0f7a205e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-634X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T02:04:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-437820fdc33c434bb21bcdfd0f7a205e2022-12-21T21:24:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology2296-634X2021-06-01910.3389/fcell.2021.683686683686Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume RegulationYizeng Li0Xiaohan Zhou1Sean X. Sun2Sean X. Sun3Sean X. Sun4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, United StatesDepartment of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United StatesInstitute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United StatesCenter for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United StatesCells lacking a stiff cell wall, e.g., mammalian cells, must actively regulate their volume to maintain proper cell function. On the time scale that protein production is negligible, water flow in and out of the cell determines the cell volume variation. Water flux follows hydraulic and osmotic gradients; the latter is generated by various ion channels, transporters, and pumps in the cell membrane. Compared to the widely studied roles of sodium, potassium, and chloride in cell volume regulation, the effects of proton and bicarbonate are less understood. In this work, we use mathematical models to analyze how proton and bicarbonate, combined with sodium, potassium, chloride, and buffer species, regulate cell volume upon inhibition of ion channels, transporters, and pumps. The model includes several common, widely expressed ion transporters and focuses on obtaining generic outcomes. Results show that the intracellular osmolarity remains almost constant before and after cell volume change. The steady-state cell volume does not depend on water permeability. In addition, to ensure the stability of cell volume and ion concentrations, cells need to develop redundant mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, i.e., multiple ion channels or transporters are involved in the flux of the same ion species. These results provide insights for molecular mechanisms of cell volume regulation with additional implications for water-driven cell migration.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.683686/fullcell volume regulationpHhydrogenbicarbonatesodium-hydrogen exchangerchloride-bicarbonate exchanger |
| spellingShingle | Yizeng Li Xiaohan Zhou Sean X. Sun Sean X. Sun Sean X. Sun Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume Regulation Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology cell volume regulation pH hydrogen bicarbonate sodium-hydrogen exchanger chloride-bicarbonate exchanger |
| title | Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume Regulation |
| title_full | Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume Regulation |
| title_fullStr | Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume Regulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume Regulation |
| title_short | Hydrogen, Bicarbonate, and Their Associated Exchangers in Cell Volume Regulation |
| title_sort | hydrogen bicarbonate and their associated exchangers in cell volume regulation |
| topic | cell volume regulation pH hydrogen bicarbonate sodium-hydrogen exchanger chloride-bicarbonate exchanger |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.683686/full |
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