Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential
Purines, such as adenine and guanine, perform several important functions in the cell. They are found in nucleic acids; are structural components of some coenzymes, including NADH and coenzyme A; and have a crucial role in the modulation of energy metabolism and signal transduction. Moreover, purine...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/8/7027 |
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| author | Arrigo F. G. Cicero Federica Fogacci Valentina Di Micoli Cristina Angeloni Marina Giovannini Claudio Borghi |
| author_facet | Arrigo F. G. Cicero Federica Fogacci Valentina Di Micoli Cristina Angeloni Marina Giovannini Claudio Borghi |
| author_sort | Arrigo F. G. Cicero |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Purines, such as adenine and guanine, perform several important functions in the cell. They are found in nucleic acids; are structural components of some coenzymes, including NADH and coenzyme A; and have a crucial role in the modulation of energy metabolism and signal transduction. Moreover, purines have been shown to play an important role in the physiology of platelets, muscles, and neurotransmission. All cells require a balanced number of purines for growth, proliferation, and survival. Under physiological conditions, enzymes involved in purines metabolism maintain a balanced ratio between their synthesis and degradation in the cell. In humans, the final product of purine catabolism is uric acid, while most other mammals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin, which can be easily eliminated with urine. During the last decades, hyperuricemia has been associated with a number of human extra-articular diseases (in particular, the cardiovascular ones) and their clinical severity. In this review, we go through the methods of investigation of purine metabolism dysfunctions, looking at the functionality of xanthine oxidoreductase and the formation of catabolites in urine and saliva. Finally, we discuss how these molecules can be used as markers of oxidative stress. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:56:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-43825f2ab70d4f02988ce7c82a04010a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:56:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-43825f2ab70d4f02988ce7c82a04010a2023-11-17T19:34:05ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-04-01248702710.3390/ijms24087027Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic PotentialArrigo F. G. Cicero0Federica Fogacci1Valentina Di Micoli2Cristina Angeloni3Marina Giovannini4Claudio Borghi5Cardiovascular Internal Medicine Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyHypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Group, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyMedical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyDepartment for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, ItalyHypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Group, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyCardiovascular Internal Medicine Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, ItalyPurines, such as adenine and guanine, perform several important functions in the cell. They are found in nucleic acids; are structural components of some coenzymes, including NADH and coenzyme A; and have a crucial role in the modulation of energy metabolism and signal transduction. Moreover, purines have been shown to play an important role in the physiology of platelets, muscles, and neurotransmission. All cells require a balanced number of purines for growth, proliferation, and survival. Under physiological conditions, enzymes involved in purines metabolism maintain a balanced ratio between their synthesis and degradation in the cell. In humans, the final product of purine catabolism is uric acid, while most other mammals possess the enzyme uricase that converts uric acid to allantoin, which can be easily eliminated with urine. During the last decades, hyperuricemia has been associated with a number of human extra-articular diseases (in particular, the cardiovascular ones) and their clinical severity. In this review, we go through the methods of investigation of purine metabolism dysfunctions, looking at the functionality of xanthine oxidoreductase and the formation of catabolites in urine and saliva. Finally, we discuss how these molecules can be used as markers of oxidative stress.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/8/7027uric acidallantoinxanthinepurine metabolism |
| spellingShingle | Arrigo F. G. Cicero Federica Fogacci Valentina Di Micoli Cristina Angeloni Marina Giovannini Claudio Borghi Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential International Journal of Molecular Sciences uric acid allantoin xanthine purine metabolism |
| title | Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential |
| title_full | Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential |
| title_fullStr | Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential |
| title_full_unstemmed | Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential |
| title_short | Purine Metabolism Dysfunctions: Experimental Methods of Detection and Diagnostic Potential |
| title_sort | purine metabolism dysfunctions experimental methods of detection and diagnostic potential |
| topic | uric acid allantoin xanthine purine metabolism |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/8/7027 |
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