Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Journal of Infection and Public Health |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187603412200243X |
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| author | Hasan Ejaz Kashaf Junaid Sonia Younas Abualgasim E. Abdalla Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari Khalid O.A. Abosalif Naveed Ahmad Zeeshan Ahmed Manhal Ahmed Hamza Naeem Anwar |
| author_facet | Hasan Ejaz Kashaf Junaid Sonia Younas Abualgasim E. Abdalla Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari Khalid O.A. Abosalif Naveed Ahmad Zeeshan Ahmed Manhal Ahmed Hamza Naeem Anwar |
| author_sort | Hasan Ejaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review aims to provide an overview of this neglected zoonotic pathogen. MPXV circulates as two distinct clades, the Central African and West African, with case fatality rates of 10.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The risk of infection is greater for those who work with animals or infected individuals. The virus’ entry into the human body provokes both natural and acquired immunity. Although natural killer cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells play an essential role in eradicating MPXV, there is still a gap in the understanding of the host immune response to the virus. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic guidelines for treating monkeypox; however, some antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat and cidofovir may help to abate the severity of the disease. The use of nonpharmaceutical interventions and immunization can reduce the risk of infection. Increased surveillance and identification of monkeypox cases are crucial to understand the constantly shifting epidemiology of this resurging and intimidating disease. The present review provides a detailed perspective on the emergence and circulation of MPXV in human populations, infection risks, human immune response, disease diagnosis and prevention strategies, and future implications, and highlights the importance of the research community engaging more with this disease for an effective global response. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T04:19:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-43847b37e4b54be6b54dadc9eeeb4ea9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1876-0341 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T04:19:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Infection and Public Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-43847b37e4b54be6b54dadc9eeeb4ea92022-12-22T03:48:15ZengElsevierJournal of Infection and Public Health1876-03412022-10-01151011561165Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problemHasan Ejaz0Kashaf Junaid1Sonia Younas2Abualgasim E. Abdalla3Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari4Khalid O.A. Abosalif5Naveed Ahmad6Zeeshan Ahmed7Manhal Ahmed Hamza8Naeem Anwar9Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia; Correspondence to: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, King Khalid Road, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia.School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United KingdomHKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi ArabiaInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 5400, PakistanDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, SudanAllied Health Department, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, 32038, Kingdom of BahrainThe monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review aims to provide an overview of this neglected zoonotic pathogen. MPXV circulates as two distinct clades, the Central African and West African, with case fatality rates of 10.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The risk of infection is greater for those who work with animals or infected individuals. The virus’ entry into the human body provokes both natural and acquired immunity. Although natural killer cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells play an essential role in eradicating MPXV, there is still a gap in the understanding of the host immune response to the virus. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic guidelines for treating monkeypox; however, some antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat and cidofovir may help to abate the severity of the disease. The use of nonpharmaceutical interventions and immunization can reduce the risk of infection. Increased surveillance and identification of monkeypox cases are crucial to understand the constantly shifting epidemiology of this resurging and intimidating disease. The present review provides a detailed perspective on the emergence and circulation of MPXV in human populations, infection risks, human immune response, disease diagnosis and prevention strategies, and future implications, and highlights the importance of the research community engaging more with this disease for an effective global response.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187603412200243XOrthopoxvirusesSmallpox virusEpidemiologyImmune evasionDisease outbreaks |
| spellingShingle | Hasan Ejaz Kashaf Junaid Sonia Younas Abualgasim E. Abdalla Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari Khalid O.A. Abosalif Naveed Ahmad Zeeshan Ahmed Manhal Ahmed Hamza Naeem Anwar Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem Journal of Infection and Public Health Orthopoxviruses Smallpox virus Epidemiology Immune evasion Disease outbreaks |
| title | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
| title_full | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
| title_fullStr | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
| title_short | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
| title_sort | emergence and dissemination of monkeypox an intimidating global public health problem |
| topic | Orthopoxviruses Smallpox virus Epidemiology Immune evasion Disease outbreaks |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187603412200243X |
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