Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in the Iranian General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Objective: This study aimed to determine prevalence of anxiety and depression and associated factors in the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: We conducted this web-based cross-sectional study on 5328 individuals in Iran between 17th and 29th of April 2020. Data wer...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Iranian Journal of Psychiatry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2367 |
| _version_ | 1811280283898478592 |
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| author | Saman Maroufizadeh Majid Pourshaikhian Ali Pourramzani Farzaneh Sheikholeslami Mohammad Taghi Moghadamnia Seyed Amirhossein Alavi |
| author_facet | Saman Maroufizadeh Majid Pourshaikhian Ali Pourramzani Farzaneh Sheikholeslami Mohammad Taghi Moghadamnia Seyed Amirhossein Alavi |
| author_sort | Saman Maroufizadeh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Objective: This study aimed to determine prevalence of anxiety and depression and associated factors in the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method: We conducted this web-based cross-sectional study on 5328 individuals in Iran between 17th and 29th of April 2020. Data were collected using the convenience sampling method through an anonymous online questionnaire via social media like WhatsApp and Telegram. The online survey collected data on demographic variables, COVID-19-related variables, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of anxiety and depression.
Results: The mean GAD-7 and PHQ-9 total scores were 7.17 (SD = 5.42) and 7.80 (SD = 6.68), respectively. Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety-depression were 30.1%, 33.4%, and 22.1%, respectively. According to the adjusted analysis, anxiety was significantly associated with female gender, being young and middle-aged, being unemployed or a housewife, having chronic diseases, spending considerable time thinking about COVID-19, having family members, friends, and/or relatives infected with COVID-19, and death of family members, relatives or friends due to COVID-19. Same results were also found for depression. Furthermore, depression was associated with being single, being resident in urban area, and having high risk individual in family.
Conclusion: Prevalence of anxiety and depression were considerably higher in the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to vulnerable groups such as women, young/middle-aged adults, the unemployed, and people with chronic disease.
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| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T01:10:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-43b706a885f5448a83a3eaef65a24874 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1735-4587 2008-2215 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T01:10:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Tehran University of Medical Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Iranian Journal of Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-43b706a885f5448a83a3eaef65a248742022-12-22T03:09:08ZengTehran University of Medical SciencesIranian Journal of Psychiatry1735-45872008-22152022-03-01172Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in the Iranian General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional StudySaman Maroufizadeh0Majid Pourshaikhian1Ali Pourramzani2Farzaneh Sheikholeslami3Mohammad Taghi Moghadamnia4Seyed Amirhossein Alavi5Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shafa Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Objective: This study aimed to determine prevalence of anxiety and depression and associated factors in the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: We conducted this web-based cross-sectional study on 5328 individuals in Iran between 17th and 29th of April 2020. Data were collected using the convenience sampling method through an anonymous online questionnaire via social media like WhatsApp and Telegram. The online survey collected data on demographic variables, COVID-19-related variables, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent predictors of anxiety and depression. Results: The mean GAD-7 and PHQ-9 total scores were 7.17 (SD = 5.42) and 7.80 (SD = 6.68), respectively. Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety-depression were 30.1%, 33.4%, and 22.1%, respectively. According to the adjusted analysis, anxiety was significantly associated with female gender, being young and middle-aged, being unemployed or a housewife, having chronic diseases, spending considerable time thinking about COVID-19, having family members, friends, and/or relatives infected with COVID-19, and death of family members, relatives or friends due to COVID-19. Same results were also found for depression. Furthermore, depression was associated with being single, being resident in urban area, and having high risk individual in family. Conclusion: Prevalence of anxiety and depression were considerably higher in the general population of Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the findings suggest that more attention needs to be paid to vulnerable groups such as women, young/middle-aged adults, the unemployed, and people with chronic disease. https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2367AnxietyCOVID-19DepressionPopulationIran |
| spellingShingle | Saman Maroufizadeh Majid Pourshaikhian Ali Pourramzani Farzaneh Sheikholeslami Mohammad Taghi Moghadamnia Seyed Amirhossein Alavi Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in the Iranian General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study Iranian Journal of Psychiatry Anxiety COVID-19 Depression Population Iran |
| title | Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in the Iranian General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full | Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in the Iranian General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in the Iranian General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in the Iranian General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_short | Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in the Iranian General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study |
| title_sort | prevalence of anxiety and depression in the iranian general population during the covid 19 pandemic a web based cross sectional study |
| topic | Anxiety COVID-19 Depression Population Iran |
| url | https://ijps.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijps/article/view/2367 |
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