Jasmonates and Ethylene Shape Floridoside Synthesis during Carposporogenesis in the Red Seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i>
Floridoside is a galactosyl–glycerol compound that acts to supply UDP-galactose and functions as an organic osmolyte in response to salinity in Rhodophyta. Significantly, the UDP-galactose pool is shared for sulfated cell wall galactan synthesis, and, in turn, affected by thallus development alongsi...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/3/115 |
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| author | Pilar Garcia-Jimenez Diana del Rosario-Santana Rafael R. Robaina |
| author_facet | Pilar Garcia-Jimenez Diana del Rosario-Santana Rafael R. Robaina |
| author_sort | Pilar Garcia-Jimenez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Floridoside is a galactosyl–glycerol compound that acts to supply UDP-galactose and functions as an organic osmolyte in response to salinity in Rhodophyta. Significantly, the UDP-galactose pool is shared for sulfated cell wall galactan synthesis, and, in turn, affected by thallus development alongside carposporogenesis induced by volatile growth regulators, such as ethylene and methyl jasmonate, in the red seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i>. In this study, we monitored changes in the floridoside reservoir through gene expression controlling both the galactose pool and glyceride pool under different reproductive stages of <i>G. imbricata</i> and we considered changing salinity conditions. Floridoside synthesis was followed by expression analysis of <i>galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase</i> (<i>GALT</i>) as UDP-galactose is obtained from UDP-glucose and glucose-1P, and through <i>α-galactosidase</i> gene expression as degradation of floridoside occurs through the cleavage of galactosyl residues. Meanwhile, glycerol 3-phosphate is connected with the galactoglyceride biosynthetic pathway by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD), monogalactosyl diacylglyceride synthase (MGDGS), and digalactosyl diacylglyceride synthase (DGDGS). The results of our study confirm that low <i>GALT</i> transcripts are correlated with thalli softness to locate reproductive structures, as well as constricting the synthesis of UDP-hexoses for galactan backbone synthesis in the presence of two volatile regulators and methionine. Meanwhile, <i>α-galactosidase</i> modulates expression according to cystocarp maturation, and we found high transcripts in late development stages, as occurred in the presence of methyljasmonate, compared to early stages in ethylene. Regarding the acylglyceride pool, the upregulation of <i>G3PD</i>, <i>MGDGS</i>, and <i>DGDGS</i> gene expression in <i>G. imbricata</i> treated with MEJA supports lipid remodeling, as high levels of transcripts for <i>MGDGS</i> and <i>DGDGS</i> provide membrane stability during late development stages of cystocarps. Similar behavior is assumed in three naturally collected thalli development stages—namely, fertile, fertilized, and fertile—under 65 psu salinity conditions. Low transcripts for <i>α-galactosidase</i> and high for <i>G3PD</i> are reported in infertile and fertilized thalli, which is the opposite to high transcripts for <i>α-galactosidase</i> and low for <i>G3PD</i> encountered in fertile thalli within visible cystocarps compared to each of their corresponding stages in 35 psu. No significant changes are reported for <i>MGDGS</i> and <i>DGDGS</i>. It is concluded that cystocarp and thallus development stages affect galactose and glycerides pools with interwoven effects on cell wall polysaccharides. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:03:47Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:03:47Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
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| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj.art-43c1cfc70584404a98a69a695a8c79542024-03-27T13:52:11ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972024-02-0122311510.3390/md22030115Jasmonates and Ethylene Shape Floridoside Synthesis during Carposporogenesis in the Red Seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i>Pilar Garcia-Jimenez0Diana del Rosario-Santana1Rafael R. Robaina2Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales i-UNAT, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, SpainDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales i-UNAT, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, SpainDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales i-UNAT, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, SpainFloridoside is a galactosyl–glycerol compound that acts to supply UDP-galactose and functions as an organic osmolyte in response to salinity in Rhodophyta. Significantly, the UDP-galactose pool is shared for sulfated cell wall galactan synthesis, and, in turn, affected by thallus development alongside carposporogenesis induced by volatile growth regulators, such as ethylene and methyl jasmonate, in the red seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i>. In this study, we monitored changes in the floridoside reservoir through gene expression controlling both the galactose pool and glyceride pool under different reproductive stages of <i>G. imbricata</i> and we considered changing salinity conditions. Floridoside synthesis was followed by expression analysis of <i>galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase</i> (<i>GALT</i>) as UDP-galactose is obtained from UDP-glucose and glucose-1P, and through <i>α-galactosidase</i> gene expression as degradation of floridoside occurs through the cleavage of galactosyl residues. Meanwhile, glycerol 3-phosphate is connected with the galactoglyceride biosynthetic pathway by glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD), monogalactosyl diacylglyceride synthase (MGDGS), and digalactosyl diacylglyceride synthase (DGDGS). The results of our study confirm that low <i>GALT</i> transcripts are correlated with thalli softness to locate reproductive structures, as well as constricting the synthesis of UDP-hexoses for galactan backbone synthesis in the presence of two volatile regulators and methionine. Meanwhile, <i>α-galactosidase</i> modulates expression according to cystocarp maturation, and we found high transcripts in late development stages, as occurred in the presence of methyljasmonate, compared to early stages in ethylene. Regarding the acylglyceride pool, the upregulation of <i>G3PD</i>, <i>MGDGS</i>, and <i>DGDGS</i> gene expression in <i>G. imbricata</i> treated with MEJA supports lipid remodeling, as high levels of transcripts for <i>MGDGS</i> and <i>DGDGS</i> provide membrane stability during late development stages of cystocarps. Similar behavior is assumed in three naturally collected thalli development stages—namely, fertile, fertilized, and fertile—under 65 psu salinity conditions. Low transcripts for <i>α-galactosidase</i> and high for <i>G3PD</i> are reported in infertile and fertilized thalli, which is the opposite to high transcripts for <i>α-galactosidase</i> and low for <i>G3PD</i> encountered in fertile thalli within visible cystocarps compared to each of their corresponding stages in 35 psu. No significant changes are reported for <i>MGDGS</i> and <i>DGDGS</i>. It is concluded that cystocarp and thallus development stages affect galactose and glycerides pools with interwoven effects on cell wall polysaccharides.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/3/115ethylenefloridosidegalactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferaseα-galactosidasejasmonatesred seaweed |
| spellingShingle | Pilar Garcia-Jimenez Diana del Rosario-Santana Rafael R. Robaina Jasmonates and Ethylene Shape Floridoside Synthesis during Carposporogenesis in the Red Seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i> Marine Drugs ethylene floridoside galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase α-galactosidase jasmonates red seaweed |
| title | Jasmonates and Ethylene Shape Floridoside Synthesis during Carposporogenesis in the Red Seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i> |
| title_full | Jasmonates and Ethylene Shape Floridoside Synthesis during Carposporogenesis in the Red Seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i> |
| title_fullStr | Jasmonates and Ethylene Shape Floridoside Synthesis during Carposporogenesis in the Red Seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Jasmonates and Ethylene Shape Floridoside Synthesis during Carposporogenesis in the Red Seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i> |
| title_short | Jasmonates and Ethylene Shape Floridoside Synthesis during Carposporogenesis in the Red Seaweed <i>Grateloupia imbricata</i> |
| title_sort | jasmonates and ethylene shape floridoside synthesis during carposporogenesis in the red seaweed i grateloupia imbricata i |
| topic | ethylene floridoside galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase α-galactosidase jasmonates red seaweed |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/3/115 |
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