| Summary: | Land degradation threatens ecosystems and socio-economic development of Southern Africa. Evaluation of land degradation is widely conducted using a remote-sensed indicator to provide key information for alleviating degradation. However, the commonly used single indicator cannot reveal complex degradation processes. In this study, we conducted an integrated evaluation by utilizing linear regression, residual trend analysis, and sequential regression methods to detect visible, potential human-induced, and functional land degradation in Southern Africa. The results showed that visible, potential, and functional land degradation accounted for 8%, 9.6%, and 21.9% of the entire study area, respectively. In total, 34% (171.96 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>) of the region exhibited one or more forms of land degradation; 28.9% (146.01 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>) of the land experienced a single land degradation type, whereas 5.1% (25.95 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup>) exhibited intensified degradation by two or three forms. Land degradation was more severe in South Africa, Angola, Botswana, and Mozambique. Potential degradation (11.76%) and functional degradation (56.88%) may co-exist with vegetation greening. This study suggests that a single indicator assessment underestimates the overall land degradation, and thus integrated indicators and methods are better for a comprehensive assessment. Spatial pattern and degradation process analyses are useful for the formulation of land restoration policies in Southern Africa.
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