Mechanical Stress Induces Sodium Entry and Osmoprotective Responses in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease depending on molecular, genetic, and environmental factors like mechanical strain. Next to the cartilage and the subchondral bone, OA also affects the synovium, which is critically involved in the maintenance of joint homeostasis. As there is a correla...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| author | Annemarie Proff Ute Nazet Agnes Schröder Jonathan Jantsch |
| author_facet | Annemarie Proff Ute Nazet Agnes Schröder Jonathan Jantsch |
| author_sort | Annemarie Proff |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease depending on molecular, genetic, and environmental factors like mechanical strain. Next to the cartilage and the subchondral bone, OA also affects the synovium, which is critically involved in the maintenance of joint homeostasis. As there is a correlation between the extracellular sodium content in the knee joint and OA, this study investigates the impact of sodium on OA-associated processes like inflammation and bone remodeling without and with mechanical loading in synovial fibroblasts. For that purpose, murine synovial fibroblasts from the knee joint were exposed to three different extracellular sodium chloride concentrations (−20 mM, ±0 mM and +50 mM NaCl) in the absence or presence of compressive or intermittent tensile strain. In addition to the intracellular Na<sup>+</sup> content and gene expression of the osmoprotective transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (<i>Nfat5</i>), the gene and protein expression of inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 (IL6), prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (<i>Ptgs2</i>)/prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>)), and factors involved in bone metabolism (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG)) were analyzed by qPCR and ELISA. Mechanical strain already increased intracellular Na<sup>+</sup> and <i>Nfat5</i> gene expression at standard salt conditions to levels obtained by exposure to increased extracellular Na<sup>+</sup> content. Both high salt and compressive strain resulted in elevated IL6 and PGE<sub>2</sub> release. Intermittent tensile strain did not increase <i>Il6</i> mRNA expression or IL6 protein secretion but triggered <i>Ptgs2</i> expression and PGE<sub>2</sub> production. Increased extracellular Na<sup>+</sup> levels and compressive strain increased RANKL expression. In contrast, intermittent tension suppressed RANKL expression without this response being subject to modification by extracellular sodium availability. OPG expression was only induced by compressive strain. Changes in extracellular Na<sup>+</sup> levels modified the inflammatory response and altered the expression of mediators involved in bone metabolism in cells exposed to mechanical strain. These findings indicate that Na<sup>+</sup> balance and <i>Nfat5</i> are important players in synovial fibroblast responses to mechanical stress. The integration of Na<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent signaling will help to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and could lead to the establishment of new therapeutic targets. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:26:40Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-43db41e32a4b47da8a4cfe4c491888ec2024-03-27T13:30:35ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092024-03-0113649610.3390/cells13060496Mechanical Stress Induces Sodium Entry and Osmoprotective Responses in Murine Synovial FibroblastsAnnemarie Proff0Ute Nazet1Agnes Schröder2Jonathan Jantsch3Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, GermanyDepartment of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, GermanyDepartment of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, GermanyInstitute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, GermanyOsteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease depending on molecular, genetic, and environmental factors like mechanical strain. Next to the cartilage and the subchondral bone, OA also affects the synovium, which is critically involved in the maintenance of joint homeostasis. As there is a correlation between the extracellular sodium content in the knee joint and OA, this study investigates the impact of sodium on OA-associated processes like inflammation and bone remodeling without and with mechanical loading in synovial fibroblasts. For that purpose, murine synovial fibroblasts from the knee joint were exposed to three different extracellular sodium chloride concentrations (−20 mM, ±0 mM and +50 mM NaCl) in the absence or presence of compressive or intermittent tensile strain. In addition to the intracellular Na<sup>+</sup> content and gene expression of the osmoprotective transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (<i>Nfat5</i>), the gene and protein expression of inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 (IL6), prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (<i>Ptgs2</i>)/prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>)), and factors involved in bone metabolism (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG)) were analyzed by qPCR and ELISA. Mechanical strain already increased intracellular Na<sup>+</sup> and <i>Nfat5</i> gene expression at standard salt conditions to levels obtained by exposure to increased extracellular Na<sup>+</sup> content. Both high salt and compressive strain resulted in elevated IL6 and PGE<sub>2</sub> release. Intermittent tensile strain did not increase <i>Il6</i> mRNA expression or IL6 protein secretion but triggered <i>Ptgs2</i> expression and PGE<sub>2</sub> production. Increased extracellular Na<sup>+</sup> levels and compressive strain increased RANKL expression. In contrast, intermittent tension suppressed RANKL expression without this response being subject to modification by extracellular sodium availability. OPG expression was only induced by compressive strain. Changes in extracellular Na<sup>+</sup> levels modified the inflammatory response and altered the expression of mediators involved in bone metabolism in cells exposed to mechanical strain. These findings indicate that Na<sup>+</sup> balance and <i>Nfat5</i> are important players in synovial fibroblast responses to mechanical stress. The integration of Na<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>-dependent signaling will help to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and could lead to the establishment of new therapeutic targets.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/6/496synovial fibroblastsodium chlorideosteoarthritis |
| spellingShingle | Annemarie Proff Ute Nazet Agnes Schröder Jonathan Jantsch Mechanical Stress Induces Sodium Entry and Osmoprotective Responses in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts Cells synovial fibroblast sodium chloride osteoarthritis |
| title | Mechanical Stress Induces Sodium Entry and Osmoprotective Responses in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts |
| title_full | Mechanical Stress Induces Sodium Entry and Osmoprotective Responses in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts |
| title_fullStr | Mechanical Stress Induces Sodium Entry and Osmoprotective Responses in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanical Stress Induces Sodium Entry and Osmoprotective Responses in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts |
| title_short | Mechanical Stress Induces Sodium Entry and Osmoprotective Responses in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts |
| title_sort | mechanical stress induces sodium entry and osmoprotective responses in murine synovial fibroblasts |
| topic | synovial fibroblast sodium chloride osteoarthritis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/6/496 |
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