Gaze Information Channel in Van Gogh’s Paintings
This paper uses quantitative eye tracking indicators to analyze the relationship between images of paintings and human viewing. First, we build the eye tracking fixation sequences through areas of interest (AOIs) into an information channel, the gaze channel. Although this channel can be interpreted...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Entropy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/540 |
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| author | Qiaohong Hao Lijing Ma Mateu Sbert Miquel Feixas Jiawan Zhang |
| author_facet | Qiaohong Hao Lijing Ma Mateu Sbert Miquel Feixas Jiawan Zhang |
| author_sort | Qiaohong Hao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper uses quantitative eye tracking indicators to analyze the relationship between images of paintings and human viewing. First, we build the eye tracking fixation sequences through areas of interest (AOIs) into an information channel, the gaze channel. Although this channel can be interpreted as a generalization of a first-order Markov chain, we show that the gaze channel is fully independent of this interpretation, and stands even when first-order Markov chain modeling would no longer fit. The entropy of the equilibrium distribution and the conditional entropy of a Markov chain are extended with additional information-theoretic measures, such as joint entropy, mutual information, and conditional entropy of each area of interest. Then, the gaze information channel is applied to analyze a subset of Van Gogh paintings. Van Gogh artworks, classified by art critics into several periods, have been studied under computational aesthetics measures, which include the use of Kolmogorov complexity and permutation entropy. The gaze information channel paradigm allows the information-theoretic measures to analyze both individual gaze behavior and clustered behavior from observers and paintings. Finally, we show that there is a clear correlation between the gaze information channel quantities that come from direct human observation, and the computational aesthetics measures that do not rely on any human observation at all. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:53:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-43e34b81b4724b519042ae363783ceba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1099-4300 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:53:24Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Entropy |
| spelling | doaj.art-43e34b81b4724b519042ae363783ceba2023-11-20T00:12:07ZengMDPI AGEntropy1099-43002020-05-0122554010.3390/e22050540Gaze Information Channel in Van Gogh’s PaintingsQiaohong Hao0Lijing Ma1Mateu Sbert2Miquel Feixas3Jiawan Zhang4College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, ChinaCollege of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, ChinaInstitute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, SpainInstitute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, SpainCollege of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, ChinaThis paper uses quantitative eye tracking indicators to analyze the relationship between images of paintings and human viewing. First, we build the eye tracking fixation sequences through areas of interest (AOIs) into an information channel, the gaze channel. Although this channel can be interpreted as a generalization of a first-order Markov chain, we show that the gaze channel is fully independent of this interpretation, and stands even when first-order Markov chain modeling would no longer fit. The entropy of the equilibrium distribution and the conditional entropy of a Markov chain are extended with additional information-theoretic measures, such as joint entropy, mutual information, and conditional entropy of each area of interest. Then, the gaze information channel is applied to analyze a subset of Van Gogh paintings. Van Gogh artworks, classified by art critics into several periods, have been studied under computational aesthetics measures, which include the use of Kolmogorov complexity and permutation entropy. The gaze information channel paradigm allows the information-theoretic measures to analyze both individual gaze behavior and clustered behavior from observers and paintings. Finally, we show that there is a clear correlation between the gaze information channel quantities that come from direct human observation, and the computational aesthetics measures that do not rely on any human observation at all.https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/540eye trackingentropygaze information channelMarkov chaincomputational aestheticsKolmogorov complexity |
| spellingShingle | Qiaohong Hao Lijing Ma Mateu Sbert Miquel Feixas Jiawan Zhang Gaze Information Channel in Van Gogh’s Paintings Entropy eye tracking entropy gaze information channel Markov chain computational aesthetics Kolmogorov complexity |
| title | Gaze Information Channel in Van Gogh’s Paintings |
| title_full | Gaze Information Channel in Van Gogh’s Paintings |
| title_fullStr | Gaze Information Channel in Van Gogh’s Paintings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gaze Information Channel in Van Gogh’s Paintings |
| title_short | Gaze Information Channel in Van Gogh’s Paintings |
| title_sort | gaze information channel in van gogh s paintings |
| topic | eye tracking entropy gaze information channel Markov chain computational aesthetics Kolmogorov complexity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/22/5/540 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT qiaohonghao gazeinformationchannelinvangoghspaintings AT lijingma gazeinformationchannelinvangoghspaintings AT mateusbert gazeinformationchannelinvangoghspaintings AT miquelfeixas gazeinformationchannelinvangoghspaintings AT jiawanzhang gazeinformationchannelinvangoghspaintings |