Season‐specific impacts of climate change on canopy‐forming seaweed communities
Abstract Understory assemblages associated with canopy‐forming species such as trees, kelps, and rockweeds should respond strongly to climate stressors due to strong canopy‐understory interactions. Climate change can directly and indirectly modify these assemblages, particularly during more stressfu...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Ecology and Evolution |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10947 |
| _version_ | 1797290890665918464 |
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| author | Anthony T. Truong Matthew S. Edwards Jeremy D. Long |
| author_facet | Anthony T. Truong Matthew S. Edwards Jeremy D. Long |
| author_sort | Anthony T. Truong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Understory assemblages associated with canopy‐forming species such as trees, kelps, and rockweeds should respond strongly to climate stressors due to strong canopy‐understory interactions. Climate change can directly and indirectly modify these assemblages, particularly during more stressful seasons and climate scenarios. However, fully understanding the seasonal impacts of different climate conditions on canopy‐reliant assemblages is difficult due to a continued emphasis on studying single‐species responses to a single future climate scenario during a single season. To examine these emergent effects, we used mesocosm experiments to expose seaweed assemblages associated with the canopy‐forming golden rockweed, Silvetia compressa, to elevated temperature and pCO2 conditions reflecting two projected greenhouse emission scenarios (RCP 2.6 [low] & RCP 4.5 [moderate]). Assemblages were grown in the presence and absence of Silvetia, and in two seasons. Relative to ambient conditions, predicted climate scenarios generally suppressed Silvetia biomass and photosynthetic efficiency. However, these effects varied seasonally—both future scenarios reduced Silvetia biomass in summer, but only the moderate scenario did so in winter. These reductions shifted the assemblage, with more extreme shifts occurring in summer. Contrarily, future scenarios did not shift assemblages within Silvetia Absent treatments, suggesting that climate primarily affected assemblages indirectly through changes in Silvetia. Mesocosm experiments were coupled with a field Silvetia removal experiment to simulate the effects of climate‐mediated Silvetia loss on natural assemblages. Consistent with the mesocosm experiment, Silvetia loss resulted in season‐specific assemblage shifts, with weaker effects observed in winter. Together, our study supports the hypotheses that climate‐mediated changes to canopy‐forming species can indirectly affect the associated assemblage, and that these effects vary seasonally. Such seasonality is important to consider as it may provide periods of recovery when conditions are less stressful, especially if we can reduce the severity of future climate scenarios. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T19:28:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-443a8e244d904952be5f4946ad846eff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-7758 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T19:28:48Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj.art-443a8e244d904952be5f4946ad846eff2024-02-29T08:56:40ZengWileyEcology and Evolution2045-77582024-02-01142n/an/a10.1002/ece3.10947Season‐specific impacts of climate change on canopy‐forming seaweed communitiesAnthony T. Truong0Matthew S. Edwards1Jeremy D. Long2Department of Biology San Diego State University San Diego California USADepartment of Biology San Diego State University San Diego California USADepartment of Biology San Diego State University San Diego California USAAbstract Understory assemblages associated with canopy‐forming species such as trees, kelps, and rockweeds should respond strongly to climate stressors due to strong canopy‐understory interactions. Climate change can directly and indirectly modify these assemblages, particularly during more stressful seasons and climate scenarios. However, fully understanding the seasonal impacts of different climate conditions on canopy‐reliant assemblages is difficult due to a continued emphasis on studying single‐species responses to a single future climate scenario during a single season. To examine these emergent effects, we used mesocosm experiments to expose seaweed assemblages associated with the canopy‐forming golden rockweed, Silvetia compressa, to elevated temperature and pCO2 conditions reflecting two projected greenhouse emission scenarios (RCP 2.6 [low] & RCP 4.5 [moderate]). Assemblages were grown in the presence and absence of Silvetia, and in two seasons. Relative to ambient conditions, predicted climate scenarios generally suppressed Silvetia biomass and photosynthetic efficiency. However, these effects varied seasonally—both future scenarios reduced Silvetia biomass in summer, but only the moderate scenario did so in winter. These reductions shifted the assemblage, with more extreme shifts occurring in summer. Contrarily, future scenarios did not shift assemblages within Silvetia Absent treatments, suggesting that climate primarily affected assemblages indirectly through changes in Silvetia. Mesocosm experiments were coupled with a field Silvetia removal experiment to simulate the effects of climate‐mediated Silvetia loss on natural assemblages. Consistent with the mesocosm experiment, Silvetia loss resulted in season‐specific assemblage shifts, with weaker effects observed in winter. Together, our study supports the hypotheses that climate‐mediated changes to canopy‐forming species can indirectly affect the associated assemblage, and that these effects vary seasonally. Such seasonality is important to consider as it may provide periods of recovery when conditions are less stressful, especially if we can reduce the severity of future climate scenarios.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10947canopy‐forming speciesclimate changecommunity interactionsindirect effectsrocky intertidalseasonality |
| spellingShingle | Anthony T. Truong Matthew S. Edwards Jeremy D. Long Season‐specific impacts of climate change on canopy‐forming seaweed communities Ecology and Evolution canopy‐forming species climate change community interactions indirect effects rocky intertidal seasonality |
| title | Season‐specific impacts of climate change on canopy‐forming seaweed communities |
| title_full | Season‐specific impacts of climate change on canopy‐forming seaweed communities |
| title_fullStr | Season‐specific impacts of climate change on canopy‐forming seaweed communities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Season‐specific impacts of climate change on canopy‐forming seaweed communities |
| title_short | Season‐specific impacts of climate change on canopy‐forming seaweed communities |
| title_sort | season specific impacts of climate change on canopy forming seaweed communities |
| topic | canopy‐forming species climate change community interactions indirect effects rocky intertidal seasonality |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.10947 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT anthonyttruong seasonspecificimpactsofclimatechangeoncanopyformingseaweedcommunities AT matthewsedwards seasonspecificimpactsofclimatechangeoncanopyformingseaweedcommunities AT jeremydlong seasonspecificimpactsofclimatechangeoncanopyformingseaweedcommunities |