Antigenic Relatedness between Mannans from <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> and <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Spherules and Mycelia
Immunoassays for cell wall mannans that are excreted into serum and urine have been used as an aid in the diagnosis of many disseminated fungal infections, including coccidioidomycosis. Antigen-detection immunoassays are critically dependent on the detection of an analyte, such as mannan, by antibod...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/2/89 |
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| author | Amanda R. Burnham-Marusich Kathleen R. Zayac John N. Galgiani Lourdes Lewis Thomas R. Kozel |
| author_facet | Amanda R. Burnham-Marusich Kathleen R. Zayac John N. Galgiani Lourdes Lewis Thomas R. Kozel |
| author_sort | Amanda R. Burnham-Marusich |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immunoassays for cell wall mannans that are excreted into serum and urine have been used as an aid in the diagnosis of many disseminated fungal infections, including coccidioidomycosis. Antigen-detection immunoassays are critically dependent on the detection of an analyte, such as mannan, by antibodies that are specific to the analyte. The goal of this study was to evaluate the extent of cross-reactivity of polyclonal antibodies raised against <i>Coccidioides</i> spp. Analysis of antigenic relatedness between mannans from <i>C. posadasii</i> and <i>C. immitis</i> spherules and mycelia showed complete relatedness when evaluated by the method of Archetti and Horsfall, which was originally used to study the antigenic relationships between Influenzae virus isolates. In a further effort to validate the suitability of the antigenic relatedness calculation methodology for polysaccharide antigens, we also applied the method of Archetti and Horsfall to published results that had previously identified the major capsular serotypes of <i>Cryptococcus</i> species. The results of this analysis showed that Archetti and Horsfall’s antigenic relatedness calculation correctly identified the major cryptococcal serotypes. Together, these results suggest that the method is applicable to polysaccharide antigens, and that immunoassays that detect <i>Coccidioides</i> mannans are likely to have good reactivity across <i>Coccidioides</i> species (inclusivity) due to the species’ high level of antigenic relatedness. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:25:33Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:25:33Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-4440af66c8cc4457b75c2da91f7c302f2024-02-23T15:23:24ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2024-01-011028910.3390/jof10020089Antigenic Relatedness between Mannans from <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> and <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Spherules and MyceliaAmanda R. Burnham-Marusich0Kathleen R. Zayac1John N. Galgiani2Lourdes Lewis3Thomas R. Kozel4DxDiscovery, Inc., Reno, NV 89557, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USAValley Fever Center for Excellence, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAValley Fever Center for Excellence, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USAImmunoassays for cell wall mannans that are excreted into serum and urine have been used as an aid in the diagnosis of many disseminated fungal infections, including coccidioidomycosis. Antigen-detection immunoassays are critically dependent on the detection of an analyte, such as mannan, by antibodies that are specific to the analyte. The goal of this study was to evaluate the extent of cross-reactivity of polyclonal antibodies raised against <i>Coccidioides</i> spp. Analysis of antigenic relatedness between mannans from <i>C. posadasii</i> and <i>C. immitis</i> spherules and mycelia showed complete relatedness when evaluated by the method of Archetti and Horsfall, which was originally used to study the antigenic relationships between Influenzae virus isolates. In a further effort to validate the suitability of the antigenic relatedness calculation methodology for polysaccharide antigens, we also applied the method of Archetti and Horsfall to published results that had previously identified the major capsular serotypes of <i>Cryptococcus</i> species. The results of this analysis showed that Archetti and Horsfall’s antigenic relatedness calculation correctly identified the major cryptococcal serotypes. Together, these results suggest that the method is applicable to polysaccharide antigens, and that immunoassays that detect <i>Coccidioides</i> mannans are likely to have good reactivity across <i>Coccidioides</i> species (inclusivity) due to the species’ high level of antigenic relatedness.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/2/89mannanimmunoassay<i>Coccidioides</i><i>Cryptococcus</i>coccidioidomycosisantigenic relatedness |
| spellingShingle | Amanda R. Burnham-Marusich Kathleen R. Zayac John N. Galgiani Lourdes Lewis Thomas R. Kozel Antigenic Relatedness between Mannans from <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> and <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Spherules and Mycelia Journal of Fungi mannan immunoassay <i>Coccidioides</i> <i>Cryptococcus</i> coccidioidomycosis antigenic relatedness |
| title | Antigenic Relatedness between Mannans from <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> and <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Spherules and Mycelia |
| title_full | Antigenic Relatedness between Mannans from <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> and <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Spherules and Mycelia |
| title_fullStr | Antigenic Relatedness between Mannans from <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> and <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Spherules and Mycelia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antigenic Relatedness between Mannans from <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> and <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Spherules and Mycelia |
| title_short | Antigenic Relatedness between Mannans from <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> and <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Spherules and Mycelia |
| title_sort | antigenic relatedness between mannans from i coccidioides immitis i and i coccidioides posadasii i spherules and mycelia |
| topic | mannan immunoassay <i>Coccidioides</i> <i>Cryptococcus</i> coccidioidomycosis antigenic relatedness |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/10/2/89 |
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