Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems
Though the acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been extensively reported, the long-term effects are less well described. Specifically, while clinicians endure to battle COVID-19, we also need to develop broad strategies to manage post-COVID-19 symptoms and encourage those affected to seek sui...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/3/524 |
| _version_ | 1797487022070300672 |
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| author | Valeria Visco Carolina Vitale Antonella Rispoli Carmine Izzo Nicola Virtuoso Germano Junior Ferruzzi Mario Santopietro Americo Melfi Maria Rosaria Rusciano Angelantonio Maglio Paola Di Pietro Albino Carrizzo Gennaro Galasso Alessandro Vatrella Carmine Vecchione Michele Ciccarelli |
| author_facet | Valeria Visco Carolina Vitale Antonella Rispoli Carmine Izzo Nicola Virtuoso Germano Junior Ferruzzi Mario Santopietro Americo Melfi Maria Rosaria Rusciano Angelantonio Maglio Paola Di Pietro Albino Carrizzo Gennaro Galasso Alessandro Vatrella Carmine Vecchione Michele Ciccarelli |
| author_sort | Valeria Visco |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Though the acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been extensively reported, the long-term effects are less well described. Specifically, while clinicians endure to battle COVID-19, we also need to develop broad strategies to manage post-COVID-19 symptoms and encourage those affected to seek suitable care. This review addresses the possible involvement of the lung, heart and brain in post-viral syndromes and describes suggested management of post-COVID-19 syndrome. Post-COVID-19 respiratory manifestations comprise coughing and shortness of breath. Furthermore, arrhythmias, palpitations, hypotension, increased heart rate, venous thromboembolic diseases, myocarditis and acute heart failure are usual cardiovascular events. Among neurological manifestations, headache, peripheral neuropathy symptoms, memory issues, lack of concentration and sleep disorders are most commonly observed with varying frequencies. Finally, mental health issues affecting mental abilities and mood fluctuations, namely anxiety and depression, are frequently seen. Finally, long COVID is a complex syndrome with protracted heterogeneous symptoms, and patients who experience post-COVID-19 sequelae require personalized treatment as well as ongoing support. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:42:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-444f5a5655fa48e7b50efcfe5f934316 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:42:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-444f5a5655fa48e7b50efcfe5f9343162023-11-23T16:49:45ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832022-01-0111352410.3390/jcm11030524Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous SystemsValeria Visco0Carolina Vitale1Antonella Rispoli2Carmine Izzo3Nicola Virtuoso4Germano Junior Ferruzzi5Mario Santopietro6Americo Melfi7Maria Rosaria Rusciano8Angelantonio Maglio9Paola Di Pietro10Albino Carrizzo11Gennaro Galasso12Alessandro Vatrella13Carmine Vecchione14Michele Ciccarelli15Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyCardiology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyCardiology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, ItalyThough the acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been extensively reported, the long-term effects are less well described. Specifically, while clinicians endure to battle COVID-19, we also need to develop broad strategies to manage post-COVID-19 symptoms and encourage those affected to seek suitable care. This review addresses the possible involvement of the lung, heart and brain in post-viral syndromes and describes suggested management of post-COVID-19 syndrome. Post-COVID-19 respiratory manifestations comprise coughing and shortness of breath. Furthermore, arrhythmias, palpitations, hypotension, increased heart rate, venous thromboembolic diseases, myocarditis and acute heart failure are usual cardiovascular events. Among neurological manifestations, headache, peripheral neuropathy symptoms, memory issues, lack of concentration and sleep disorders are most commonly observed with varying frequencies. Finally, mental health issues affecting mental abilities and mood fluctuations, namely anxiety and depression, are frequently seen. Finally, long COVID is a complex syndrome with protracted heterogeneous symptoms, and patients who experience post-COVID-19 sequelae require personalized treatment as well as ongoing support.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/3/524post-COVID-19 syndromelong COVIDlong-term COVID-19“long hauler” syndromeclinical manifestationssequelae |
| spellingShingle | Valeria Visco Carolina Vitale Antonella Rispoli Carmine Izzo Nicola Virtuoso Germano Junior Ferruzzi Mario Santopietro Americo Melfi Maria Rosaria Rusciano Angelantonio Maglio Paola Di Pietro Albino Carrizzo Gennaro Galasso Alessandro Vatrella Carmine Vecchione Michele Ciccarelli Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems Journal of Clinical Medicine post-COVID-19 syndrome long COVID long-term COVID-19 “long hauler” syndrome clinical manifestations sequelae |
| title | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems |
| title_full | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems |
| title_fullStr | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems |
| title_short | Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems |
| title_sort | post covid 19 syndrome involvement and interactions between respiratory cardiovascular and nervous systems |
| topic | post-COVID-19 syndrome long COVID long-term COVID-19 “long hauler” syndrome clinical manifestations sequelae |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/3/524 |
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