Protein and Gene Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Where Do We Stand Today?
It has been estimated that every year, millions of people are affected by neurodegenerative disorders, which complicate their lives and their caregivers’ lives. To date, there has not been an approved pharmacological approach to provide the complete treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The only...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2425 |
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| author | Panoraia I. Siafaka Mehmet Evren Okur Pelin Dilsiz Erim Emre Şefik Çağlar Emre Özgenç Evren Gündoğdu Rabia Edibe Parlar Köprülü Ioannis D. Karantas Neslihan Üstündağ Okur |
| author_facet | Panoraia I. Siafaka Mehmet Evren Okur Pelin Dilsiz Erim Emre Şefik Çağlar Emre Özgenç Evren Gündoğdu Rabia Edibe Parlar Köprülü Ioannis D. Karantas Neslihan Üstündağ Okur |
| author_sort | Panoraia I. Siafaka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It has been estimated that every year, millions of people are affected by neurodegenerative disorders, which complicate their lives and their caregivers’ lives. To date, there has not been an approved pharmacological approach to provide the complete treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The only available drugs may only relieve the symptoms or slow down the progression of the disease. The absence of any treatment is quite rational given that neurodegeneration occurs by the progressive loss of the function or structure of the nerve cells of the brain or the peripheral nervous system, which eventually leads to their death either by apoptosis or necrotic cell death. According to a recent study, even though adult brain cells are injured, they can revert to an embryonic state, which may help to restore their function. These interesting findings might open a new path for the development of more efficient therapeutic strategies to combat devastating neurodegenerative disorders. Gene and protein therapies have emerged as a rapidly growing field for various disorders, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Despite these promising therapies, the complete treatment of neurodegenerative disorders has not yet been achieved. Therefore, the aim of this review is to address the most up-to-date data for neurodegenerative diseases, but most importantly, to summarize the available delivery systems incorporating proteins, peptides, and genes that can potentially target such diseases and pass into the blood–brain barrier. The authors highlight the advancements, at present, on delivery based on the carrier, i.e., lipid, polymeric, and inorganic, as well as the recent studies on radiopharmaceutical theranostics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:44:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-446a9a4451294957bc277b99aa7bc3a3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:44:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-446a9a4451294957bc277b99aa7bc3a32023-11-24T06:22:05ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232022-11-011411242510.3390/pharmaceutics14112425Protein and Gene Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Where Do We Stand Today?Panoraia I. Siafaka0Mehmet Evren Okur1Pelin Dilsiz Erim2Emre Şefik Çağlar3Emre Özgenç4Evren Gündoğdu5Rabia Edibe Parlar Köprülü6Ioannis D. Karantas7Neslihan Üstündağ Okur8Faculty of Pharmacy, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, CyprusDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, TurkeyDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center (REMER), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, TurkeyDepartment of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35040, TurkeyDepartment of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir 35040, TurkeyDepartment of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, TurkeyApostolos Loukas Medical Centre, Nicosia 2415, CyprusDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, TurkeyIt has been estimated that every year, millions of people are affected by neurodegenerative disorders, which complicate their lives and their caregivers’ lives. To date, there has not been an approved pharmacological approach to provide the complete treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. The only available drugs may only relieve the symptoms or slow down the progression of the disease. The absence of any treatment is quite rational given that neurodegeneration occurs by the progressive loss of the function or structure of the nerve cells of the brain or the peripheral nervous system, which eventually leads to their death either by apoptosis or necrotic cell death. According to a recent study, even though adult brain cells are injured, they can revert to an embryonic state, which may help to restore their function. These interesting findings might open a new path for the development of more efficient therapeutic strategies to combat devastating neurodegenerative disorders. Gene and protein therapies have emerged as a rapidly growing field for various disorders, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Despite these promising therapies, the complete treatment of neurodegenerative disorders has not yet been achieved. Therefore, the aim of this review is to address the most up-to-date data for neurodegenerative diseases, but most importantly, to summarize the available delivery systems incorporating proteins, peptides, and genes that can potentially target such diseases and pass into the blood–brain barrier. The authors highlight the advancements, at present, on delivery based on the carrier, i.e., lipid, polymeric, and inorganic, as well as the recent studies on radiopharmaceutical theranostics.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2425neurodegenerative diseasesgenesproteinmonoclonal antibodiespeptidestheranostics |
| spellingShingle | Panoraia I. Siafaka Mehmet Evren Okur Pelin Dilsiz Erim Emre Şefik Çağlar Emre Özgenç Evren Gündoğdu Rabia Edibe Parlar Köprülü Ioannis D. Karantas Neslihan Üstündağ Okur Protein and Gene Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Where Do We Stand Today? Pharmaceutics neurodegenerative diseases genes protein monoclonal antibodies peptides theranostics |
| title | Protein and Gene Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Where Do We Stand Today? |
| title_full | Protein and Gene Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Where Do We Stand Today? |
| title_fullStr | Protein and Gene Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Where Do We Stand Today? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Protein and Gene Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Where Do We Stand Today? |
| title_short | Protein and Gene Delivery Systems for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Where Do We Stand Today? |
| title_sort | protein and gene delivery systems for neurodegenerative disorders where do we stand today |
| topic | neurodegenerative diseases genes protein monoclonal antibodies peptides theranostics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2425 |
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