Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot Study
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between low energy availability (LEA) and nutritional content with high blood pressure (HBP) in African American Division I athletes. Twenty-three D1 African American pre-season athletes were recruited to participate. HBP was defined as &...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Sports |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/4/81 |
| _version_ | 1797603421079994368 |
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| author | Troy Purdom Marc Cook Heather Colleran Paul Stewart Lauren San Diego |
| author_facet | Troy Purdom Marc Cook Heather Colleran Paul Stewart Lauren San Diego |
| author_sort | Troy Purdom |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between low energy availability (LEA) and nutritional content with high blood pressure (HBP) in African American Division I athletes. Twenty-three D1 African American pre-season athletes were recruited to participate. HBP was defined as >120 systolic blood pressure (BP) and <80 diastolic BP. Athletes self-reported nutritional intake using a non-consecutive 3-day food recall which was then reviewed by a sports dietitian. LEA was evaluated as total energy intake—total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), which was predicted. Additionally, micronutrients were evaluated. A statistical analysis relied on Spearman correlation (R), standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval, mean ± SD, and odds ratios (OR). Correlation values were categorized: 0.20–0.39 = low; 0.40–0.69 = moderate; 0.70–1.0 = strong. A moderate relationship was observed between HBP and LEA (<i>R</i> = 0.56) with 14/23 having HBP. Of the 14 athletes observed with HBP, 78.5% (11/14) were calorically deficient (−529 ± 695 kcal) with an OR of 7.2. Micronutrient intake deficiencies were ubiquitous among the 23 HBP athletes: poly-unsaturated fatty acid −29.6%; omega-3 −26.0%; iron −46.0%; calcium −25.1%; and sodium −14.2%, amongst others. LEA and micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to HBP in Black D1 athletes, which has been shown to be the most common modifiable risk factor to decrease the risk of sudden cardiac death. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:31:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-44881180e3a24e3ca0da1eb2752911b8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4663 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:31:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sports |
| spelling | doaj.art-44881180e3a24e3ca0da1eb2752911b82023-11-17T21:22:36ZengMDPI AGSports2075-46632023-04-011148110.3390/sports11040081Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot StudyTroy Purdom0Marc Cook1Heather Colleran2Paul Stewart3Lauren San Diego4Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USADepartment of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USADepartment of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USADepartment of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USADepartment of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USAThe purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between low energy availability (LEA) and nutritional content with high blood pressure (HBP) in African American Division I athletes. Twenty-three D1 African American pre-season athletes were recruited to participate. HBP was defined as >120 systolic blood pressure (BP) and <80 diastolic BP. Athletes self-reported nutritional intake using a non-consecutive 3-day food recall which was then reviewed by a sports dietitian. LEA was evaluated as total energy intake—total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), which was predicted. Additionally, micronutrients were evaluated. A statistical analysis relied on Spearman correlation (R), standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval, mean ± SD, and odds ratios (OR). Correlation values were categorized: 0.20–0.39 = low; 0.40–0.69 = moderate; 0.70–1.0 = strong. A moderate relationship was observed between HBP and LEA (<i>R</i> = 0.56) with 14/23 having HBP. Of the 14 athletes observed with HBP, 78.5% (11/14) were calorically deficient (−529 ± 695 kcal) with an OR of 7.2. Micronutrient intake deficiencies were ubiquitous among the 23 HBP athletes: poly-unsaturated fatty acid −29.6%; omega-3 −26.0%; iron −46.0%; calcium −25.1%; and sodium −14.2%, amongst others. LEA and micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to HBP in Black D1 athletes, which has been shown to be the most common modifiable risk factor to decrease the risk of sudden cardiac death.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/4/81RED-Scardiometabolic diseasenutrient deficiencyrelative energy deficiency syndromesudden deathmicronutrients |
| spellingShingle | Troy Purdom Marc Cook Heather Colleran Paul Stewart Lauren San Diego Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot Study Sports RED-S cardiometabolic disease nutrient deficiency relative energy deficiency syndrome sudden death micronutrients |
| title | Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot Study |
| title_full | Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot Study |
| title_fullStr | Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot Study |
| title_short | Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Hypertension in Black Division I Collegiate Athletes: A Novel Pilot Study |
| title_sort | low energy availability lea and hypertension in black division i collegiate athletes a novel pilot study |
| topic | RED-S cardiometabolic disease nutrient deficiency relative energy deficiency syndrome sudden death micronutrients |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/11/4/81 |
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