| Summary: | The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is intertwined with climate and changes in land use. Over the past 30 years, the Loess Plateau (LP) has experienced temperature increases and an expansion of forest and grassland. The net ecosystem productivity (<i>NEP</i>) underlying these changes is worth investigating. Using three periods (i.e., 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2019) of annual average <i>NEP</i> and climatic, topographic, and land use data, we analyzed changes in the spatial distribution of carbon sources and sinks of the LP. Using an optimal parameter-based geographical detector model to discuss the driving factors of carbon sources and sinks, we found that: (1) The area of carbon sinks has been increasing continuously, and that the distributions of both of these elements are zonal. The carbon sinks show a downward trend from south to north, which is mainly driven by climate and land use type. (2) Carbon sources are mainly concentrated in the middle temperate zone, and they are mainly linked to impervious land, unused land, and grassland. The carbon sinks are mainly concentrated in the south temperate zone and plateau climatic zone, and they are mainly linked to forest, grassland, and cultivated land. Additionally, the southern temperate zone has been the most green, due to its superior hydrothermal conditions that sustain carbon sinks. (3) It is not uncommon for some forests, grasslands, and cultivated land to transition between being carbon sources and carbon sinks, especially when affected by human intervention and inadequate management measures. (4) <i>NEP</i> was primarily influenced by CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, temperature, and precipitation, and the interaction of these factors greatly influenced the dynamics of carbon sources and sinks, while terrain exerted insignificant impacts on the <i>NEP</i>. This study highlights the importance of the carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems and can be used to guide the creation of vegetation-based carbon sequestration policies.
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